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Statistics is:
Collecting, organizing, summarizing and analyzing data.
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Statistics provides a measure of...
Confidence
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The process of statistics... (4 things)
Identify, collect, organize, conclude
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Numerical summary of population...
Parameter
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Numerical summary of sample...
Statistic
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Descriptive statistics describes data through... (3 things)
Numbers, graphs, tables
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Name, label, category. Not ranked
Nominal
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Name, label, category. Is ranked
Ordinal
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Name, label, category. Difference of rank is meaningful
Interval
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Name, label, category. Difference of rank is meaningful and zero means the absence of quantity.
Ratio
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Explanatory variable affects the value of a
Response Variable
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Measures response variable without changing the explanatory variables.
Observational Study
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Observational studies allow researchers to claim _______ not ________
association, causation
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Not separating two explanatory variables
Confounding.
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A variable that affects the response variable but is not considered
Lurking Variable
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A researcher assigns the individuals in a study to a certain _group____, intentionally ___changes__ the value of the explanatory variable, and then records the value of the __response___variable for each group.
Designed Experiment
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The data are collected by looking back in time or looking at existing records.
Retrospective
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The data are collected over time.
Prospective
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Observational studies that collect information about individuals at a specific ___point_____ in time, or over a very ___short___ period of time
Cross sectional (Prospective)
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These studies are retrospective. In case-control studies, individuals that have certain characteristics are matched with those that do not.
Case Control (Retrospective)
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observed over a period of time. Over this time period, characteristics about the individuals are recorded.
Cohort (Prospective)
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process of using ___chance________ to select individuals from a population to be included in the sample.
Random sampling
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equally likely ___chance____
Simple Random Sample
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obtained by __separating________ the population into non-overlapping groups called strata and then obtaining ____a simple random sample_________ from each stratum.
Stratified Sample
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obtained by selecting every kth individual from the population. The first individual selected corresponds to a random number between 1 and k.
Systematic Sample
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Systematic sample- find k
N/n, round down to integer.
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obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals. One or more groups is chosen at random. All individuals in chosen group are sampled.
Cluster Sample
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the technique used to obtain the individuals to be in the sample tends to ______Favor__ one part of the population _over___ another.
Sampling Bias
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Convenience sample, voluntary response sample and undercoverage are _____ bias
sampling
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exists when individuals selected to be in the sample who do not respond to the survey have different opinions from those who do
Nonresponse bias
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exists when the answers on a survey do not reflect the true feeling of the respondent.
Response bias
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Design in which each experimental unit is randomly assigned to a treatment
Completely Random Design
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design in which the experimental units are paired up.
Matched Pairs Design
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Design is used when the experimental units are divided into homogeneous groups
Randomized block design
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