micro definitions

the study of disease

the study of the cause of disease

development of disease

colonization of the body by pathogens

abnormal state in which your body isn't functioning normally

microbes that grow in "optimum growth" (37 degrees C)

microbes that like the cold

microbes that like it hot

microbes that like it REALLY hot

microbes that like salt (15%)

microbes that survive in the presence of oxygen (use oxygen in ETS)

microbes tha cannot survive in oxygen

microbes that can live in presence or absence of oxygen

microbes that require oxygen, but in low concentrations

The destruction of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores.

The complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms.

Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens.

Chemical and physical methods that reduce the microbial load on skin.

Destruction of all forms of microbial life.

Lowers the microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public levels.

inhibits the growth (certain antibiotics)

kills the microorganisms (certain antibiotics)

bacterial contamination vs. free of pathogens

steam under pressure or sterilizing gas such as ethylene oxide

kills vegetative bacterial and fungal pathogens; most virus within 10 min (for dishes, etc & equipment)

Heat treatment for milk 72C for 15 sec; doesn't kill all bacteria but kills pathogens and most nonpathogens

removes organisms bigger than .22um; for liquids that could be destroyed by heat

used in surgical hand scrubs; kills vegetative cells and viruses with an envelope

organism that must obtain carbon in organic form

organism that uses CO2 as carbon source

organisms that use light and CO2 as energy/carbon source

organisms that use light and organic substances to obtain energy/carbon

organisms that use inorganic compounds (H2, NH3, etc) and few bacteria for energy/carbon source

organisms that use organic compounds and most bacteria at energy/carbon source

Effective dry heat temp and time

bacteriostatic effect; decreased chemical reaction

the most effective form of incineration/oxidation

drugs against parasitic worms

natural products of fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria which inhibit growth of microbes

way of classifying organisms; kills organisms

way of classifying organisms; prevents organisms from increasing

range of activity that covers one group (gram +)

range of activity that cover gram + and systemic, enteric (gram neg rods), and urinary tract gram neg

range of activity that covers gram + and gram neg

range of activity that covers everything except mycobacteria (waxy) and pseudomonas (gamma proteobacteria)

range of activity that covers mycobacteria (i.e. TB)

one drug counters the effect of the other

2 drugs working together have a better effect than each by themselves

2 drugs is equal to sum of drugs taken separately

symbiosis in which both organisms benefit

symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed

symbiosis in which one organism benefits and nothing happens to the other

a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of a disease

a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

a specific group of signs tans symptoms that accompany a disease

a disease that is easily spread from one host to another

fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time

fraction of population having a specific disease at a given time

disease that occurs occasionally in a population

disease constantly present in a population

disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

disease acquired by many hosts worldwide in a short time

immunity in most of a population

disease in which symptoms develop rapidly

disease that develops slowly

disease that shows symptoms between acute and chronic

disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive

they are capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normals immune defenses

they cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them

toxins in the blood

viruses in the blood

acute infection that causes initial illness

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

when pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

when an infection is throughout the body, usually through bloodstream

systemic infection that began as a local infection

growth of bacteria in the blood (multiplying)

presence of bacteria in the blood

a parasite that causes disease

a departure from the normals stage of health due to the presence or growth of a microorganism

the ability to cause disease

ability of the pathogen to spread to adjacent or other tissues

the ability of an organism to establish a focal point of infection

the pathogen's ability to produce toxins

transmission of a disease by an inanimate reservoir

transmission of disease by arthropods (through stinging, biting, etc)

transmission of disease by arthropods that carries pathogen on feet

transmission in which the pathogen reproduces in vector

the study of where and when diseases occur

the incidence of specific notifiable disease

deaths from notifiable diseases

number of people affected/total population in a given time period

number of deaths from a disease/total population in a given time

virulence factor that digest epithelial tissues and permit invasion of pathogens

virulence factors that have capacity to produce toxins at the site of muliplication

help to kill or avoid phagocytes, include leukocidins and capsules

substances that contribute to pathogenicity

ability to produce a toxin

presence of toxin in the host's blood

inactivated toxin used in a vaccine

antibodies against a specific toxin

a specific reaction to foreign substances, including microbes and macromolecules

the cells and molecules responsible for immunity and their cooperative and coordinated responses to the introduction of foreign substances

B cells that have been stimulated by antigen to mature and produce antibody

a molecule recognized by the immune system

produced by liver and secreted into the blood stream during infections

a series of 20 serum proteins which act to bind to foreign particles and cause cell lysis

a cytokine produces by myeloid cells (leukocytes) which is induced by bacterial endotoxin

low molecular weight glycoproteins that function in cell to cell communication and regulation of the development of immune responses and other body systems

chief stimulator of acute phase proteins

secrete by TH cells and activates both B and TH1 cells

the body's reaction to injury which acts to direct the immune response to the site of injury

migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues

migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or infection

mediated by antibodies that are secreted into the blood that are responsible for specific recognition and elimination of foreign substances

T cells that assist other T and B cells, conductor of immune response

T cells that destroy foreign or abnormal cells by secreting perforins (type of protein) that lyse cells.

T cells that are responsible for allergies occurring several hours or days after contact

T cells the limit the actions of other T cells and B cells

Immune system that consists of aggregates of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages located in intestine, lymphoid follicles in the appendix, tonsils, and respiratory tract.

Immune response geared towards tolerance and dampening.

The immune system that consists of intraepidermal lymphocytes and accessory cells known as Langerhans cells; the site on immune response to topically applied antigens

The antibody that is the predominant immunoglobulin in blood, lymph, CSF, and peritoneal fluid and passes into placenta; small and highest in amount

The antibody that is the first immunoglobulin produced in an immune repsonse; very large molecule in blood stream, too large to go somewhere else

The antibody that is present in mucous secretions of the respiratory, GI, and urinary tract; small amount; related to breast milk, protection

The antibody that protects from parasitic infections; especially reactive in individuals who are allergic; binds to mast cells and causes release of histamine and other granuals

The antibody related to cell surface molecules

an exaggerated response; related to allergies, autoimmune disease, rejecting organ transplant

related to cancers and immunodeficiencies

proteins that are soluble and get through mucosal layer, permeability due to enzymes

in the test tube

in the body

aka hives

aka runny nose

when an inhaled antigen activates mast cells and the TH2 cells in the airway; inflammation occurs

atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon or hydrogen

molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of living thing

organisms that live in an aqueous environment experience ____

food preservative by causing loss of water and leads to plasmolysis

to exploit differences in structure and metabolism of pathogens and host cells (to kill organisms not man!)

target enzyme or other sites may be altered--lower affinity for antibacterial but target can still function adequately

by increasing impermeability of cell wass (loss of bacterial proteins--porins) or by pumping drug out of cell (efflux)

production of enzymes which modify or destroy the antibacterial agent

smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth

the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective dose

contact that requires close association between infected and susceptible host

contact spread by fomites (any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms)

transmission via airborne droplets (coughing, sneezing, etc)