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What is sensory integration?
the ability of the brain to organize, interpret, and use sensory information.
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Sensory integrity is based on what?
- Senses: (sight, hearing, etc…)
- Somatosensory:(input from skin & musculoskeletal system)
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What is the purpose for sensation?
- guides motor responses for interaction with the environment
- adapts movement and shapers motor programs through feedback for correct action
- provides protection from injury
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What is feedback control?
uses sensory information received during movement to monitor and adjust motor output
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what is feedforward control?
proactive strategy that uses sensory information from previous experiences and results in anticipatory adjustments in postural control or movement.
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Motor learning is dependent on what 3 things?
- sensory intake
- sensory integration
- output
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What is somatosensory?
sensation received from the skin and musculoskeletal systems.
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What are some age-related sensory changes?
- decrease in myelin
- neuron degeneration
- decrease of dopamine and norepinepherine
- reduction of normal ROM
- pain
- muscle weakness
- decline of visual and hearing
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What are some considerations during the sensory assessment?
- Arousal
- Attention
- Orientation
- Cognition
- Calculation ability
- Hearing
- Visual Acuity
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What are the levels of Consciousness?
- Alert
- Lethargic
- Obtunded
- Stupor
- Coma
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Define Arousal:
readiness of human system for activity. LOC
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Define attention:
selective awareness of the environment or response to a stimulus without being distracted by another stimulus
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Define Orientation:
Person's awareness of time, person, place.
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Define Cognition:
process of knowing and includes awareness and judgment
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Define Calculation ability:
foundational math abilities
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Define Memory:
both long term and short term retention of info
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Superficial Sensation receives information from where and in turn detects what?
- exteroceptors receive stimulus from environment via skin
- pain
- temp
- light touch
- pressure
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Deep sensation receives information from where and in turn detects what?
- proprioceptors receive stimuli from muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, fascia
- position sense
- awareness of joints at rest
- kinesthesia awareness
- vibration
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Combined Cortical Sensations receive information from where and in turn detects what?
- from superficial and deep sensory mechanisms
- stereognosis
- 2-point discrimination
- barognosis
- graphesthesia
- tactile localization
- recognition of texture
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Describe the Anterolateral Spinothalamic Tract:
- self-protective reactions such as pain, temp, crude localized touch, tickle, itch, sexual sensations
- small, slow conducting afferent fibers
- activated by: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors
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Describe Dorsal Column-Medial Leminiscal System:
- Large, myelinated, fast conducting fibers
- responds to discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, movement, position sense, and awareness of joints at rest
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Types of sensory receptors:
- mechanoreceptors
- deep sensory receptors
- thermoreceptors
- nociceptors
- electromagnetic receptors
- chemoreceptors
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types of mechanoreceptors:
- free nerve endings
- hair follicle endings
- merkel disks
- ruffini endings
- krause's end bulb
- meissner's corpuscles
- pacinian corpuscles
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Types of muscle receptors
- Muscle spindles
- golgi tendon organs
- free nerve endings
- pacinian corpuscles
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types of joint receptors:
- golgi-type endings
- free nerve endings
- ruffini endings
- paciniform endings
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Deep sensory receptors receive info pertaining to:
- position sense
- proprioception
- muscle tone
- speed and direction of movement
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Nociceptors receive info pertaining to:
pain
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Chemoreceptors receive info pertaining to:
- smell
- taste
- CO2
- blood glucose
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What is the sensory homunculus?
a somatotopic map identifying relative size or cortex devoted to specific body parts
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What are the 3 divisions of the cortex?
- Primary(SI)
- Secondary (SII)
- Posterior Parietal cortex
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Where is the primary division of the cortex located?
posterior of the central sulcus
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Brodmann's areas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2 identify what?
- location of stimuli
- size
- shape
- texture of objects
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Where the secondary division of the cortex located?
superior of the lateral sulcus and DEEP
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The Secondary division of the cortex identifies what?
tactile memory
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Brodmann's Area 5 receives stimuli concerning:
tactile input from mechanoreceptors from skin and proprioception from muscles and joints
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What does Brodmann's area 7 do?
integrates sterognosis and visual infromation
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What do Brodmann's area 5 and Brodmann's area 7 work together to contribute to motor performance?
- determine initial position required before a movement occurs
- error detection as a movement occurs
- identification of movement outcomes to shape learning
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Considerations for Sensory examination:
- superficial sensations are tested before deep
- dermatomes are used as reference
- testing from distal to proximal
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