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Oddishii
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What are the features of civilization?
MRS. GOCA
- Merchants & Trading
- Religion
- Science and Technology
- Government
- Occupation Specialization
- Class Structure
- Agriculture
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What is the class structure of Mesopotamia?
- Gods
- Royals (priests, kings)
- Nobility
- Free clients
- Workers (trade)
- Slaves
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What type of writing did Sumerians make?
Cuneiform
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Who made cuneiform?
Sumerians
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Name five inventions of the Sumerians
- Irrigation system
- Wheel
- Plow system
- Cuneiform
- Sail boat
- Calendar system
- Metallurgy
- Mathematics
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Who was the chief in the Akkadians?
Sargon
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Which Mesopotamian group is Sargon?
Akkadian
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Name the four groups of Mespotamians
- Sumerian
- Akkadian
- Babylonian
- Assyrian
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Who was the King in Babylonia?
King Hammurabi
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Who was the king in Assyria?
Assurnasipal II
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Who made the first written laws?
King Hammurabi
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Who made the first empire?
Akkadians
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What is the Cradle of Civilization?
Mesopotamia
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What is Mesopotamia also known as?
The Cradle of Civilization
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What word in Greek does Mesopotamia come from?
Between the rivers
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What is the history of Mesopotamia in relation to the four groups?
- Sumer - southern part (3500 - 2000 BCE)
- Akkad - north part (2340 - 2180 BCE)
- Babylonia - unified (1830 - 1500 BCE and 650 - 500 BCE)
- Assyria - Assyrian Empire (1100 - 612 BCE)
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What religion was in Mesopotamia?
- Polytheistic with over 3600 gods and demi gods
- Kings/rulers were sent, created, and enhanced by gods
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Name five prominent Mesopotamian gods
- Enlil (supreme, god of air)
- Ishtar (goddess of fertility & life)
- An (god of beauty)
- Enki (god of water & underworld)
- Shamash (god of sun)
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What are ziggurats?
Large temples dedicated to the god of the city
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Name a famous ziggurat
Tower of Babel
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What did the Assyrians develop?
- advanced weapons and military equipment
- siege engine (cart like structure that protected soldiers)
- library with tablets of subjects
- kept time
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Who created the concept of private ownership and why?
Sumerians, to accumulate more land
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Who were the terrorists
Assyrians!!! >:(
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How did the Sumerians create their agriculture system?
- irrigation system
- building dikes
- developing a calendar system
- land fertile
- fertile crescent
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Who unified lower Mesopotamia?
Sargon
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What was the Babylonian economy based on
Agriculture and wool/cloth
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What did Babylonians use for the medium of exchange
Grain
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How many laws were in the code of Hammurabi?
282
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What was the City of Assur important for?
important trading & political centre
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Who created taxes
Assyrians
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Who is Anubis
God of embalming
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Who is Horus
God of Pharaoh
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Who is Osiris
God of dead
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Who is Thoth
God of wisdom
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Who are the Egyptians idea of spirit
Ka and Ba
When the creator god, Khnum created infants, placed them in mother's womb. Ka remained in heart until after death, when spirit and body separate. Ba is personality
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To Ancient Egyptians, what did the gods and goddesses represent?
- Natural & human characteristics/life giving forces
- Took form of the animal s/he embodied
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What is dessication?
Bodies naturally preserved in deserts
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What are reed coffins?
Trapped moisture of body, causing bodies to decay
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What's mummification?
Use of long strips of linen and natron to preserve body
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What effect did the pyramid's shape have?
- Size = protection
- Resembled rays of sun descending to earth, associating to the sun god Re
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Beliefs concerning the afterlife of the king were documented in
Pyramid Texts
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Why did the Pyramid texts relate the kings with gods?
so kings became a divine unifying source of religious practice & people of Egypt
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Deceased Kings are to return to...
the womb of Nutt to be reborn
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The goal of non-royal Egyptians when deceased is to be...
equipped spirit - akh - have knowledge of the after life, steady tomb, store treasure
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WOMEN IN EGYPT - PHARAOH
- Matrilneal descent
- married brother and sister
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WOMEN IN EGYPT - NOBILITY
- leisure - cared for children
- dress - wigs of human hair, used cosmetics
- legal rights - could own property, act as judge, collect alimony
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WOMEN IN EGYPT - WORKERS
- industrial - made linens, scribes, collected taxes, kept records, accountants
- manual - worked, hunted
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Name five important rulers in New Kingdom
- Hatshepsut
- Tuthmosis II
- Akhenaton
- Tutankhamun
- Ramses II
He trusts a terrible road
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What are mastabas?
Plastered, mud bricks
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What did royal mastabas develop into?
Step pyramids & true pyramids
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What did Hatshepsut do
- First powerful female leader
- Instead of giving the role to her son, she took it and made it better yo
- Expanded trade and created a building program
- PEACE, PROSPERITY, STABILITY!!!!!! U GO GURL
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What did Tuthmosis do
- hated Hatshepsut :((((
- Napoleon of Egypt wut wut that's why New Kingdom was wealthy b/c he defeated everyone mwuahahaha >:)
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What is Akhenaton do
- he hated the state religion so he was like "fuck you guys and Amon Aton is da best" and then concentrated his energy on reforming Egyptian religion
- built capital city called Akhetaton wow obsessed much
- closed other temples LAME
- he didn't govern the empire so when he died so did the empire loser
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What did Tutankhamun do
- rejected Aton haha later losers let's go back to traditional religion
- changes Egypt's capital to Thebes LATER AKHETATON
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Ramses II!!!
- constructed buildings and shit like temples fuck yeah
- he's fuckin awesome sort of
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST: Influence of geography
- both needed rivers because rivers are where it's at
- also very hot and dry climate wow lame
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST: Religious beliefs
both had polytheistic gods
Egypt's afterlife
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST: Government structure
- MESOPOTAMIAking is living representation of god - theocracy
- Assyria, state vs religion
- extensive code damn u Hammurabi
- hierarchy yay [gods -> kings -> nobility -> free clients -> workers -> slaves]
- EGYPTPharaoh is god too wow twinsies
- had minions like vizier, steward, chamberlain, first herald, and nomarch
- not as extensive code like mesopotamia
- hierarchy woo [pharaoh -> minions -> slaves]
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST: Women
take care of children
Egypt they could do more like be in power [Pharaoh] and trade
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST: Legacies
- MESOPOTAMIA
- coded laws
- ziggurats
- cuneiform
- irrigation
- metal working
- trade
- transportation
- wheel
- math
- prosper on agriculture
- EGYPTpyramids
- mummification
- buildings b/c Ramses
- Hatshepsut first woman ya gurl
- hieroglyphics
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Which king united Egypt
King Menes
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What did King Menes do
unite Egypt
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