Cardio-Resp Anesthesia

Functions of the cardiosystem:

The high pressure side of the heart

The low pressure side of the heart

This is the term given when a heart valve fails to close completely (stenosis) permitting a back flow of blood

These two valves are most commonly affected by stenosis

This is any interruption of the impulse pathway in the heart

3 forces that act on the SA Node

This is the filling time of the ventricle on an ECG

This is the filling time for the atrium on an ECG

This is the measurement of the left ventricle

This is the percentage capacity at which is considered normal heart function

This is the difference between the work capability at rest and that during maximum physical exertion

O2 availability to the tissues depends on:

What two systems generate blood pressure?

Blood pressure on the arterial side is maintained by:

Mean Arterial Pressure is determined by:

These are released from the atria of the heart in response to increases in blood volume and atrial filling

The functions of ANPs are:

What are the two paracrine agents that regulate arteriolar pressure and cardiac output?

This is a local vasodilator released by endothelial cells in the linings of many blood vessels

This is a peptide released by endothelial cells in blood vessels that constrict vascular smooth muscle

These two agents are known to stimulate the release of endothelin

This is where the blood flows is continuous and controlled by arteriolar sphincters in the wall

Another name for Arterio-venous capillaries

This type of capillary has no muscle where the change in flow is produced by tissue needs and pressure gradients via passive diffusion

Secondary capillaries are also known as:

Venous return to the heart is controlled by:

What is the percentage of chronic mitral disease in heart patients?

What percentage has heart involvement in disease?

What percentage of heart disease is related to Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

This is the failure of the opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta to close at birth that is the most common inherited pathology in companion animals

What is the Ductus Arteriosus supposed to become upon birth?

A treatment for mitral value insufficiency that is associated with restricted amounts in the diet

A treatment for mitral valve insufficiency that is associated with drugs that draw water from the body and increase urination.

A treatment for mitral valve insufficiency that is associated with drugs that keep the blood pressure low which reduces the blood backing up into the lungs

A treatment for mitral valve insufficiency that is associated with drugs that cause vessels to dilate and increase the afterload of the heart

A treatment for mitral valve insufficiency that is associated with drugs that promote cardiac contraction

A treatment for mitral valve insufficiency that is associated with drugs that lower the heart rate

A treatment of mitral valve insufficiency that is associated with drugs that keep stimulation of the heart by catecholamines low.

This is seen on an ECG as slightly wavy line with an occasional escape complex

This prohormone can give an indication of impending myocardial infarction in humans and myocardial condition in animals

This is the process of excretion of sodium in the urine by action of the kidneys

This is a peptide similar to ANP and is secreted by the left ventricle in response to wall stretch or stress which can be isolated by Idexx or Antech to predict heart failure

What value of NT-proBNP is considered normal?

What value of NT-proBNP indicates heart disease?

What value of NT-proBNP is indicative of heart failure?

This explains that some postganglionic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system release acetylcholine (are cholinergic)

What 3 structures only have sympathetic innervation?

This is the poison from toadstools that only activates the receptors at the postganglionic synapse of the parasympathetic system

Epinephrine excites with receptors

Norepinephrine excites which receptors?

What two effects do catecholamines produce?

With the exception of intestinal smooth muscle alpha receptors are basically what?

With the exception of cardiac muscle beta receptors are bascially what?

A phase of shock where all the arterioles except coronary and cerebral constrict to shunt blood from the periphery to internal organ, maintain blood pressure, and increase cardiac output

A phase of shock where the heart can no longer pump sufficiently due to fatigue which reduces cardiac output and O2 causing respiratory and vasodilation

A phase of shock where damage to the heart is too great to be treated, resulting in death

This is the reason why vessels vasodilate