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What is leading cause of death in the Us for persons aged 1-44?
Trauma
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What are the three main components of the circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
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To provide a sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, the heart must pump at an adequate _____ and _____.
Rate and Rhythm
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What are the major types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Capillaries, Veins.
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What do arteries do?
What takes oxygen rich blood away from the heart?
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What supplys every cell of the body?
What do Capillaries do?
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Where does vital exchange of oxygen and nutrients occur?
Capillaries and body cells are where what occurs?
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What do veins do?
What takes oxygen poor blood back to the heart?
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What is perfusion?
What is known as the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
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What is Hypoperfusion?
What is the inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body's cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients?
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What is hemorrhage?
Bleeding especially severe bleeding.
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What is the major cause of shock?
Hemorrhage.
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If enough blood volume is lost what will not occur?
Perfusion of all cells will not occur if what?
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What are the most sensitive to inadequate perfusion?
Cells and Tissues of the brain, spinal cord, and the kidneys.
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Hemorrhage is classified as?
External or internal
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What are the functions of blood?
Transportation of gases, Nutrition, excretion, protection, regulation.
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What are examples of blood thinners?
Coumadin and plavix are what?
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External bleeding may be classified as what?
Arterial, Venous, or capillary bleeding.
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Manifestation of arterial bleeding
color flow controllability
Bright red, rapid profuse spurting, difficult to control is what type of bleeding?
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Manifestation of venous bleeding
Color, Flow, Controllability
What type of bleeding is dark red, steady flow, and easy to control?
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What can be a problem with venous bleeding?
Sucking in of debris or air bubbles can be a problem with what type of bleeding?
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Manifestations of capillary bleeding?
Color, Flow, controllability
moderately colored, Slow oozing, and easy to control is characteristic of what type of bleeding?
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What type of bleeds are easily contaminated, which leads to infection?
Capillary bleeding.
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Severity of the bleeding dependent on?
Relation of blood lost in relation to the physical size of the patient, and dependent on the patient's condition.
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What amount of blood loss is considered significant for
Adult
Child
Infant
- 1 liter-Adult
- 500 cc- Child
- 150 cc- Infant.
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If the patient even begin to exhibit signs and symptoms of shock, then what?
Bleeding is considered serious.
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What is the body's natural response to bleeding?
Constriction of the injured blood vessel and clotting.
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What are the general signs of shock?
Altered mental status, pale cool clammy skin, nausea and vomiting, and vital sign changes are signs of?
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What are the vital sign changes in shock?
These are S&S of what?
- PULSE UP, WEAK AND THREADY
- RESP UP SHALLOW AND LABORED
- BP LAST TO CHANGE
- NARROWING OF PULSE PRESSURE MAY ALSO OCCUR. (SYSTOLIC DIASTOLIC GET CLOSER)
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What happens to pulse in shock?
Pulse goes up, gets weak and thready.
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What happens to respirations in shock?
Increase and becomes more shallow and labored.
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What happens to BP with shock?
Last to change, BP drops, narrowing of pulse pressure may occur.
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Patient assessment and care always begin with what?
ABCs
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What are major methods of controlling external bleeding?
Other methods?
- Direct pressure, Elevation, Pressure points.
- Splinting, cold application, pasg. Tourniquit last resort.
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Blood loss decreases what?
Perfusion.
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What is the most common and effective way to control external bleeding?
By applying direct pressure to the wound.
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How do you apply direct pressure?
- 1.) Apply pressure until controlled.
- 2.) Hold pressure firmly until bleeding controlled.
- 3.) Once controlled bandage dressing firmly in place to form pressure dressing.
- 4.)Never remove dressing once it has been placed on wound.
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What is a pressure dressing?
bulky dressing held in position with a tightly wrapped bandage to apply pressure to help control bleeding.
This is known as what?
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What is process of controlling bleeding?
- 1.)Apply direct pressure
- 2.) Elevate above level of the heart
- 3.) if wound continues to bleed, apply additional dressing over the first one.
- 4.) Bandage dressing in place.
- 5.) if wound continues to bleed, apply pressure to pressure point.
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After applying a bandage what do you do?
Check for distal pulses
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When should elevation not be done?
When musculoskeletal injuries, impaled obects, or spine injury.
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How high should elevation be done?
Above the level of the heart.
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What is a pressure point?
Where large artery lies close to the surface of the body and directly over a bone.
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When should pressure point method of controlling bleeding be used?
After direct pressure and elevation have failed.
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Bleeding associated with _________ may be controlled by proper splinting of the injury.
Bleeding associated with musculoskeletal injury may be controlled by _______.
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Air splints are most effective for what types of bleeding?
Venous and capillary
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How does the cold application work?
It minimizes swelling and reduced the bleeding by constricting the blood vessels. Will also reduce pain at the injury site.
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What is a tourniquet?
A device that closes off all blood flow to and from an extremity.
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The use of a tourniquet is used as a..?
Last Resort
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What can be side effects of using a tourniquet?
Permanent damage to nerves, muscles, and blood vessels, and may even cause the loss of the extremity.
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Tourniquets are most often used on what?
Rough edged amputations
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Once applied should a tourniquet ever be removed?
NO
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