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Infants and Breathing
- Breath 2-3 times more often that adults
- Thoracic cavity is too small for lungs to expand adequately
- Thorax grows faster than lungs so they will gradually take deeper breaths
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Spirometer
Measures respiratory flow, volume, and capacity
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Wet spirometer
Causes water to be displaced when breathing to measure respiratory flow, volume, and capacity
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Incentive Spirometer
- Used to help improve lung function
- Blown into to maintain ball at certain level
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U-tube Manometer
measures pressure
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Cycle of Respiration
- One inspiration and one expiration
- Inhalation 40% of cycle
- Exhalation 60% of cycle
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Respiratory Cycles by Age
- Newborns: 40-70 cycles/min
- 5yrs: 25 cycles/min
- 15yrs: 20 cycles/min
- Adult: 12-18 cycles/min
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Resting Tidal Volume
- Volume of air moved during quiet respiration
- (How much you breathe in and out in one cycle)
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Tidal Volume
- Volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration
- Regardless of amount of air exchanged
- Varies by individual and by action
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
- Volume that can be inhaled after tidal volume inspiration
- Breathe in and then breathe in again
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
- Amount of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration.
- Breathe out then breathe out again.
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Residual Volume
- Volume remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
- Remains in lungs to keep them from collapsing
- Amount always stays the same
- Cannot be exhaled, even forcibly
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Vital Capacity
- Total volume of air that can be inspired after a total expiration
- Represents the capacity that we have available for speech
- Equal to inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and tidal volumes combined
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Functional Residual Capacity
- Volume of air left in lungs after passive exhalation
- Includes expiratory reserve and residual volumes
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Total Capacity
Inspiratory reserve, Expiratory reserve, Tidal, and Residual volumes combined
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Vital Capacity and Age
- Increases until 20 yrs
- Stays level until age 25
- Decreases after age 25
- *Males have larger vital capacity because they are bigger
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Pressure
- Speech requires air under pressure
- Airflow must be restricted/resisted to maintain pressure
- Pressure maintained by adjusting force of expiration and airway resistance
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Subglottal Pressure
Pressure that builds in the trachea below the vocal folds.
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Alveolar Pressure
- Pressure in the alveolar air sacs
- Used to vary the loudness of syllables
- Without adjustment speech is monotone
- Changing pressure creates inflection
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Intraoral Pressure
- Pressure created in the mouth
- Helps to change the intensity of sounds and syllables
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Pressure for Life Function
Has no resistance, breathe in and out without blockage (uninterrupted)
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Volume for Speech Breathing vs Quiet Breathing
- Resting Lung Volume: what is left in lungs after exhale and before inhale 40%
- QB adds 10-15% to resting lung volume (total 50-55%)
- SB adds 25% to resting lung volume (total 65%)
- Loud SB (yelling) adds 40% to resting lung volume (total 80%)
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Frequency in Speech Breathing vs Quiet Breathing
- How often you are breathing (Number of cycles completed)
- SB doesn't inhale as much as QB because you speak on exhaled air
- Frequency decreases during conversation because you take longer to exhale since you are speaking in that air
- (You might have less breaths but you inhale enough to continue speech)
- Cycle is longer for longer utterance
- Frequency increases when yelling and whispering
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Duration in Speech Breathing vs Quiet Breathing
- How long one respiratory cycle lasts
- Lasts longer when speaking
- SB is 10% inhale and 90% exhale
- QB is 40% inhale and 60% exhale
- Air runs out faster if you are whispering or speaking loudly
- Uses Checking Action
- Exhale longer because you are speaking on it
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Checking Action
- Muscles of inspiration control the airflow for speaking
- Muscles of inhalation control decreasing of thoracic cavity
- Muscles of expiration begin working when user starts to use expiratory reserve volume
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Effect of Posture on Speech
- Diaphragm cannot contract as far
- Thoracic cavity cannot expand fully
- Laying on your back (supine) can only breathe in 20% instead of 40% because of gravity; muscles have to work harder to bring it back to 40% (resting lung volume reduced)
- Gravity pulls against the ribs to prohibit expansion
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