Psych 241 Ch 2

Sherry is 4 ½ years old and loves to play with the remote controls for the TV and DVD player as well as with her toys. Her kindergarten teacher reports that Sherry always follows the teacher's directions and often helps to explain to her classmates why they are engaging in activities like lining up for lunch time. According to Erikson's theory, Sherry is successfully going through which stage of development?

trust vs mistrust
anatomy vs shame and doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority

Psychologists who object to the heredity vs. environment debate do so on the basis that:

heredity is primary and is responsible for all observable traits
environment is primary and is responsible for all observable traits
heredity and environment interact to influence observable traits
some traits are due to heredity and others are due to environment

Eight-year-old Margie is watching her little brother Harry play with clay. When Harry takes the lump of clay and rolls it into a "snake," he comments, "Look, I made it bigger." Margie replies, "No silly, it's the same amount of clay; you just stretched it." Margie's reasoning reflects which of Piaget's stages of development

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operations
formal operations

The process of changing one's schema to make it match the world of reality better is what Piaget termed:

modification
accommodation
schematization
assimilation

A set of interrelated statements that provides an explanation for a class of events is called a:

conjecture
observation
empirical set
theory

Behavioral theorists divide the environment into units called:

responses
units of analysis
reflexes
stimuli

Behavior modification uses:

rewards only
punishment only
both rewards and punishments
neither rewards and punishments

A type of learning on which the consequences of a behavior alter the strength of that behavior is called:

classical conditioning
operant conditioning
stimulus response
response conditioning

Five-year-old Nora is excited to see that it is starting to snow. She exclaims, "Wow, it's snowing so that I can make a snowman!" This kind of egocentric thinking is related to which of Piaget's stage of development?

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operations
formal operations

Erikson's developmental tasks are referred to as:

psychomotor stages
psychosexual stages
psychosocial stages
social-behavioral stages

Marietta is unable to sustain a lasting, meaningful romantic relationship. Seeking help, she visits a psychologist who probes her to elaborate on her childhood experiences. The psychologist is using an approach based upon:

psychosocial theory
ecological theory
psychoanalytic theory
talk therapy

The person associated with developing the sociocultural theory of development is:

Kurt Lewin
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Lev Vygotsky
Erik Erikson

Which statement does NOT reflect the ideas of Piaget?

Children's thoughts are miniature versions of adults' thoughts
As children grow up, the form of their thoughts change
A child operates from a different mental framework than an adult
Children adapt by constructing mental frameworks called schemas

Connie has just completed college and has found a position as an elementary school teacher. She and her boyfriend Mark are talking about getting married in a few years. According to Erikson's theory, Connie is in which stage of development?

identity vs identity confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
integrity vs despair

An approach that applies learning theory and experimental psychology to altering maladaptive behavior is called:

response feedback
behavior modification
experimental learning
behavior adjustment

The units that behavioral theorists have divided behavior into are called:

unites of analysis
responses
reflexes
stimuli

Which research design would be best suited to the ecological approach to understanding human development?

experimental
cross-sectional
social survey
longitudinal

Marie loves her baby niece Fiona because of her tiny fingers, big brown eyes, and cute smile. When Fiona cries Marie always responds by picking her up to soothe her. Fiona's behaviors and characteristics are examples of what ethologists call:

the cuteness quotient
releasing stimuli
infant survival techniques
responsive stimuli

Freud's theories have been critiqued on the basis of:

an underdeveloped explanation for human behavior
dismissing the importance of childhood experience
the lack of definite stages
explanations that are based solely on adult patients

Emotions have not been researched with the same vigor as cognition until recently because:

Freud did not think emotions were important
Descartes believed the body and mind are one
emotions are hard to quantify and measure
cross-cultural studies revealed that emotions vary too much by culture to study accurately