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cytology
the study of cells
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2 major classifications of cells
- sex cells- gametes
- somatic cells- body
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human cells have 3 main components
- 1) plasma membrane
- 2) cytoplasm
- 3) nucleus
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plasma membrane
separates interior fluids from exterior fluids
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cytoplasm
intracellular fluid
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nucleus
controls cellular activities and stores genetic information
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the plasma membrane contains
- lipids
- proteins
- carbohydrates
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function of plasma membrane
- physical isolation
- regulate exchange with environment
- sensitivity to environment
- structural support
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lipids
organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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what are the 2 positions that proteins can be classified by?
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integral
outside of the membrane
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peripheral
inside the membrane
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functions of the protein
anchoring, recognition, enzymes, receptor, carrier, channel
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proteins make up about how much of the lipid?
half
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functions of the membrane
- lubrication and protection
- anchoring and locomotion
- specificity in binding
- recognition
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3 Cell Junctions
- Tight junctions
- desmosomes
- gap junctions
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tight junctions
close and waterproof; keeps your skin from leaking and dehydration
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desmosomes
not a tight; keeps your skin mobile but not sliding around
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gap junctions
connects membranes (heart)
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passive transport
diffusion and osmosis
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can freely diffuse IF:
- lipids are soluble
- small enough
- assisted by carrier
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diffusion
random movement based on their kinetic activity
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osmosis
- diffusion based on water
- simple
- facilitated
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filtration
when force is required
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________ is the goal
isotonic
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tonicity
movement of water into/out of cells
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isotonic
- equal concentrations
- like a normal blood cell
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hypertonic
- higher concentration of solutes
- like flubber
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hydrostatic pressure
water pressure
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osmotic pressure
distribution of water
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2 types of active transport
- primary vs. secondary
- vesicular
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primary
energy is spent to pump a substance across a membrane
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secondary
2nd substance is pumped across when primary happens
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cotransport
same direction
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counter transport
opposite direction
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vesicular transport
spends energy
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endocytosis
transport processes that eject substances from the cell interior into the extracellular fluid
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3 types of endocytosis
- 1) phagocytosis
- 2) pinocytosis
- 3) receptor mediated endocytosis
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phagocytosis
physical substance; engulfs solid material
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pinocytosis
liquid; infolding membrane that surrounds fluid
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receptor mediated endocytosis
specific concentrated material
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vesicular
the pinching of the membrane to form a vesicle
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transmembrane potential
inside of plasma membrane has slight negative charge
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slight negative charge because...
- unequal distribution of ions
- potential difference
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potential difference
when positive and negative charges are held apart
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resting potential
- transmembrane potential of undisturbed cell
- each cell has one
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cytosol
- fluid
- proteins, salts, sugars, and other solutes
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inclusions
solid masses clumped together
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