Biol 1

5C - ribose/deoxyribose

• 6C - glucose/ fructose/ galactose
• (aldehyde) (ketone)

sucrose = glucose + fructose

lactose = galactose + glucose

• glycogen (store energy in liver) = animal starch stored in liver
• α linkage

• cellulose = structural (tree bark) fibrous sugar
• β linkage

rigid ring struct

1. signaling molecules --> STEROIDS (testosterone)

2. structural --> broaden range of temp that memb can maintain fluidity

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

• ΔG - total NRG
• ΔH - potential NRG (bond NRG)
• enthalpy NRG in bonds
• TΔS - kinetic

• (-) heat rel
• (+) heat taken in
• T = kelvin
• ΔS = entropy disorder
• ΔG = dictate, favorability of rxn
• (-) favorable (NRG being rel)
• (+) unfavorable

EQUILIBRIUM = dynamic (stuff moving back & forth)

• 1. intrinsic prop of prod & reactants
• 2. relative [prod][react]

(speed does not relate to favorability of rxn)

kinetics → speed = v

Ea = energy of activation; "speed bump" need to go so fast to get over

catalyst = ↓Ea

[S] @ which V=1/2 Vmax

- strength of affinity b/w enzy & subst (E/S)

• ↑Km = ↓affinity
• ↓Km = ↑affinity

• competitive = bind to active site
• ↑km overcome by ↑[S]
• noncompetitive = binds allosterically
• ↓Vmax NOT overcome by ↑[S]

oxidizing = glucose (can do others to)

NAD+/NADH

FAD/FADH₂

hexo kinase = locks gluco into cell

• phospho fructose kinase: COMMITTED STEP
• allosterically

• ↑ ^AMP/_{ATP =} ↑PFK
• ↓^AMP/_ATP = ↓PFK

• anaerobic regeneration
• NAD+

• animals yeast
• ↓ ↓
• lactic acid EtOH

1st decarboxylation

• same regulations
• PFK ^AMP/_ATP
• 2 NADH

• 2C 4C 6C
• Acetyl-CoA + OAA -----> Citric Acid
• citric synthase
• oxaloacetic acid
• x4 oxidative decarboxylations
• 6 NADH
• 2 FADH₂
• 2 GTP

• 2 NADH --------> 3 ATP
• ^1.5 -2 ATP 5 ATP
• +4 ATP

2 NADH ------> 5 ATP

• 6 NADH ---2.5---> 15 ATP
• 2 FADH ---1.5---> 3 ATP
• 2 GTP -------------> 2 ATP

• 30 ATP (euk)
• 32 ATP (prok)

• thylakoid memb = coin
• grana = stack of coins
• stroma = area outside grana

• take NRG sun --> harness to make
• a more reduced/complex molecule
• 3 CO2 → 3C (sugar)

• 1. Light dependent rxn making
• NADPH/ATP = power light independent
• ↓
• anabolism

• 2. Light independent = dark cycle
• NADPH + ATP + CO2 → G-3P + ADP + NADPH + H2O

G-3P: glyceraldehyde-3-P

RuBisCO

• 6 CO2
• 18 ATP
• 12 NADPH

• III = 5' → 3' polymerase
• 3' → 5' exonuclease

II = unknown

• I = 5' → 3' poly
• 5' → 3' exonuclease

• -----------------------> RNA (+)
• <----------------------- (-) antisense
• DNA
• -----------------------> (+) sense

AUG = MET

• UAA
• AGA
• UAG

• prok 70s = 50s + 30s
• euk 80s = 60s + 40s

• A = aminoacyl (arrival)
• P = peptidyl site
• E = exit

• I = rRNA
• II = mRNA*
• III = tRNA

• (1) get into (invade) cell
• (2) get genome free
• (3) replication
• (4) rupture & escape

humans = excreted

• (1) Get into cell
• (2) Get genome free
• (3)*Inserts genome into host genome
• (4) Cell replicates/ divides
• - free copies
• - protects from immune attracts
• (5) Activated → replicating
• ↓
• enter lytic phase

fixes CO2

uses light to do something

use nonorganic as e- source

use organic as carbon source

use only O2

use O2 but don't need to

don't use O2 but tolerate

O = KILLS