Physiology Exam 1

• 1 are organized
• 2 require energy
• 3 maintain homeostasis
• 4 respond to stimuli
• 5 adapt
• 6 reproduce and develop

• A atom
• B molecule
• C cell
• D Tissue
• E Organs
• F System
• G Organism

• 1 epithelial
• 2 connective

Smallest structure and functional living unit of life.

• Cells use nutrient molecules to get energy, carry out a sequence of chemical reactions.
• Metabolism are all chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

• Temp
• Moisture lvl
• Acidity (hydrochloric acid production)
• other factors critical to maintain life.

Find energy and or nutrients by interacting w/surroundings.

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• H ydrogen
• C arbon
• O xygen
• P hosphorus
• S ulfur
• N itrogen

# of protons

Sum of protons and neutrons

Different number of neutrons.

• 1 Solvency
• 2 Cohesion and Adhesion
• 3 Surface Tension
• 4 High Heating Capacity
• 5 High Heat Vaporization
• 6 Water is less dense frozen

• Clinging of water due to hydrogen bonds.
• Because of this water exists as liquid under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure.

Clinging of water to other polar surfaces due to polarity of water.

Water molecules at surface are more strongly attached to each other than air above.

100c=212f - boiling water

carbon and hydrogen atoms.

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acid

CxH2xOx

glucose + glucose

glucose + glucose

glucose + fructose

• A mono saccharides
• B di saccharides
• C oligo saccharides
• D poly saccharides

three-ten bond sugar molecule

Chain of glucose

2 monomer => -1 molecule H20 = Dimer

Dimer => +1 molecule H20 = 2 monomers

Polysaccharide consists of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand linked glucose unit.

• Long-chain of N-acetylglucosamine
• A derivative of glucose
• Main component of cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects

non polar long hydrocarbon chain.

• Energy storage
• Insulation
• Protecting our internal organ from damage
• Structural components of cell membranes

• Fats
• Waxes
• Oils
• Steroids
• Phospholipids
• Others

• Glycerol
• Fatty Acids

Both part hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

Contains 3 OH group, which makes the molecule soluble in water.

Insoluble in water due to non polar long hydrocarbon chain.

Saturated or unsaturated.

• Fatty acids without double bonds
• Solid

• Fatty acids that have carbon-carbon double bonds.
• Liquid

• Hydrophobic tails
• Hydrophilic heads

negatively charged phosphate group.

long fatty acid hydrocarbon chains.

Amino Acid

20

• 1 Carbon atom, which is attached to a hydrogen atom.
• 2 Amino group
• 3 Carboxyl group
• 4 One of 20 different "R" groups/side chain, which determines which of the 20 amino acids it is and it's special properties.

Peptide Bonds

• Covalent bonds between two amino acids.
• When the carboxyl group of one reacts with the amino group of the other causing the release of a molecule of water.

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Foreign substances in body.

Bind antigens and target them for annihilation.

• Majority make-up of proteins.
• Speed up Chemical reactions like, metabolism, DNA replication, DNA repair, transcription, and translation.

• Act as receptors
• Serve as ligand
• Transport proteins by forming an ion channel for charged molecules to enter and exit the cell.

Fibrous

• Collagen and Elastin, critical components of connective tissue such as cartilage.
• Keratin, found in structures such as hair, nails, feathers, hooves.
• Actin and Tubulin are globular proteins, make up the cytoskeleton which allows the cell to maintain its shape and size.

• Hydrogen Bonding
• Ionic Interactions
• Van der Waals forces(weak attractive force between atoms and nonpolar molecules)
• Hydrophobic Packing

• 1 primary
• 2 secondary
• 3 tertiary
• 4 quadernary

Linear sequence of amino acids

• a-helix
• beta-strand (beta sheets)

• Right-handed spiral
• Backbone N-H group, donates a hydrogen bond to backbone C=O group of the amino acid, 4 residues earlier.

• stretched polypeptide
• usually 3 to 10 amino acids long
• forms H bonds w/other beta strands in the same beta sheet.

• Single protein molecule
• a-helices and beta-sheets are  folded into a compact globule
• folded by non-specific hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds

• multi-subunit protein
• stabilized by non-covalent interactions and disulfide bonds as tertiary structures

• DNA and RNA are the polymers
• nucleotide is the monomer

• Nitrogen containing base (purine A & G, pyrimidine T & C)
• Phosphate group
• A 5 Carbon Sugar

• -guanine
• -adenine
• -thymine
• -cytosine

Replication

DNA transcribed into RNA

Code for amino acid

sequence of bases = sequence of amino acid peptides

• sugar ribose vs. deoxyribose
• uses base uracil instead of T
• molecules are single stranded

Living things are made of cells and cell products

Greek, nucleus of a cell

before, without membrane

True, with membrane

• -archaea (pro)
• -monera (pro)
• -Protista (single euk)
• -fungi (multi euk)
• -plantae (multi euk)
• -animalia (multi euk)

• have nuclear membrane
• linear DNA
• have nucleolus

• have NO nuclear membrane
• circular DNA
• have NO nucleolus

• boundry/wall of cell
• regulates passage of molecules and ions

• Short chains of carbohydrate attached to protein
• determine the identity of the cell

• 1 receptor- binds chemical messenger
• 2 enzyme- breaks down chemical messenger
• 3 ion channel- constantly open
• 4 gated ion channel- only open certain times
• 5 call recognition/cell-identity maker- glycoprotein
• 6 Junction- Cell Adhesion Molecule

• Membranous
• Contain chromatin
• In semifluid nucleoplasm
• Before cell division it forms into chromosomes

• Non-membranous
• contains genes encoding rRNA
• In nucleus of animal cells

• Site of protein synthesis
• Composed of 2 subunits, small and large
• Each subunit is made up of RNA + Proteins

Doesn't have ribosomes

Has ribosomes

• Stack of 3 to 20 curved flattened saccules
• Receives transport vesicles sent to it by RER for further modification of protein.

nucleoplasm + cytoplasm

6CO2+6H2O==>solar energy==>C6H12O6/Glucose

• Powerhouse
• Membranous

• membrane bound sacs
• store and transport materials within the cell

• Membranous sac
• stores substances such as nutrients or pigments ect.

• Membranous
• vesicles containing enzymes, which digest macromolecules like lipids

• Membranous
• Vesicles containing peroxidase enzyme, which converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
• Hydrogen peroxide damages the cell and must be removed.

No membrane

• Cell division
• Organization of Spindle
• Found in Eukaryotic cells
• Absent in higher plants and most fungi

Protein filaments and tubules

cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells

• Passive transport
• No ATP required
• -Filtration
• -Diffusion
• -Osmosis
• -Facilitated Diffusion

Physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane.

Higher to lower concentrations, solutes.

Lower to higher concentrations, water.

• Temperature
• Molecular weight
• Steepness of concentration gradient
• Membrane surface area
• Membrane permeability

Measure of osmotic pressure gradient of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane.

Pressure of a solution against a semipermeable membrane to prevent water from flowing inward across the membrane.

External solution surrounding the cell has a solute concentration greater than that found inside the cell.

External solution surrounding the cell has a solute concentration lower than that found inside the cell.

The external solution surrounding the cell has a solute concentration equal to that found inside the cell.

• Molecules unable to diffuse directly through the phospholipid membrane.
• Move across cell membranes through protein channels and carrier proteins.
• Passive transport, substances move down their concentration gradient and no energy is required.

• Solutes binds to a membrane protein
• Then protein changes conformation and releases the solute to the other side.
• Carrier is specific for the ligand
• Exhibits saturation as the solute concentration rises.

Group of transmembrane ion channels that are opened or closed in response to the signaling chemical

• Need ATP
• Movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient(from low to high concentration)

• Trans membrane ATPase located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells.
• Uses ATP to move these two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane.