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Anterior
Near to or at the front of the body
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Posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body
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Superior
Upper part of the body
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Inferior
Lower part of the body
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What is the level of organization from most complex to least complex?
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical.
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Osteogenic cells
- Comes from the mesenchyme cells
- undergoes cell division
- differntiates into osteoblasts
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Osteoblasts
- Produces bone matrix
- formed by an osteogenic cell
- differentiates into osteocytes
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Osteocytes
- mature bone cell
- maintains the daily activities of bone tissues
- differentiates into osteoclasts
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Osteoclasts
- destroys bone matrix
- comes from monocytes(white blood cells)
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Fibrous Joint
immovable joint held together by connective tissue
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Examples of fibrous joints
- sutures( in the skull)
- syndesmosis(slightly moveable)
- gomphosis(joint between root of tooth)
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Cartilaginious Joint
Connected entirely by cartilage
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Examples of Cartilaginious joints
- synchondrosis(connected with hyaline cartilage)
- symphysis(slightly moveable)
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Synovial Joint
planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket.
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synarthroses
an immovable joint
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Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable joint
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Diarthroses
Freely moveable joint
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Epiphyseal line
(done growing) the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in the metaphysis of a long bone
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Epiphyseal plate
(also known as the growth plate) the hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis of a long bone; site of lengthwise growth of long bones.
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Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces
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Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone
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Epiphyses
The end of a long bone, usually larger in diameter than the shaft
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Metaphysis
Region of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphyses that contains the epiphyseal plate in a growing bone
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Periosteum
Covering of a bone that consists of connective tissue, osteogenic cells, and osteoblasts. Its essential for bone growth repair and nutrition.
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Marrow Cavity
Space within the diaphysis of a bone that contains yellow bone marrow.
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Endosteum
membrane that lines the marrow cavity of bones consisting of osteogenic cells and scattered osteoclasts.
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What are the zones of bone growth in the Epiphyseal plate?
- 1. zone of resting cartilage
- 2. zone of proliferating cartilage
- 3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage
- 4. zone of calcified cartilage
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appositional growth
growth at the outer surface
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Interstitial growth
growth by cell division.
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What are the factors of bone growth?
- developement of cartilage model
- growth of cartilage model
- developement of primary ossification center
- developement of marrow cavity
- developement of secondary ossification center
- formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate.
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Synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane (hip joint in young children)
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Bursectomy
Orthopedic surgical procedure to remove inflammed bursa
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Lyme Disease
Bacterial infection that is spread through the bite of tics
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Rotator cuff injury
in the shoulder area
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Joint dislocation
Occurs when there is an abnormal seperation in the joint
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Bursitis
Swelling and irritation of a bursa.
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Sprain/Strain
Injury to ligaments around a joint
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Spina Bifida
(split spine) incomplete developement of the spinal cord
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Lordosis
Increased curving of the spine
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Kyphosis
Curving of spine that causes a bowing or rounding in the back
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Scoliosis
Abnormal curving of the spine
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Herniated Disc
Ruptured, slipped, or collapsed disc in the spine.
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autopsy
seeing with ones own eyes
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canaliculi
small channels
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Intramembranous ossification
- forms flat bones. (skull and mandible) mostly spongy bone.
- 1.develope center of ossification
- 2. calcification
- 3. formation of trabeculae
- 4. development of periosteum
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endochondral ossification
- forms cartilage bone(long, short, and irregular)
- 1. develop cartilage model
- 2. growth of cartilage model
- 3. development of primary ossification center
- 4. development of secondary ossification center.
- 5. formation of articular cartilage and growth plate.
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Keratinocyte
epidermal cell that produces keratin
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melanocyte
mature melanin forming cell
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dendrocytes
cell originates in bone marrow. helps in the immune system
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langerhan cells
functions as an antigen cell. not resistant to UV light.
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Granstein cells
acts as a "break" on skin activated immune. more resistant to UV light.
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Merkle cell
least numerous of the epidermal cells located in the deepest layer of the epidermis.
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Endocrine glands
(inside secreation) horomones enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse directly into the bloodstream.
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Exocrine glands
(outside secretion) secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium
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Apocrine Glands
secrete straight to the surface.
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acne
occurrence of inflammed sebaceous glands
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lupus
inflammations of the skin
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psoriasis
red,itchy,scaly patches
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pressure sore
area of skin that breaks down when something keeps rubbing
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vitiligo
a condition in which pigment is lost from areas of the skin causing whitish patches
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freckles
small brownish spots that becomes more pronounced due to the sun
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moles
small often slightly raised blemish on the skin caused my a high concentration of melanin
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cyanotic
bluish discoloration a sign that oxygen in the blood is dangerously diminished
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Jaundice
yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes arising from excess pigment bilirubin caused by obstruction of bile duct, liver disease, or excessive breakdown of red blood cells
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Erythema
reddening of the skin, usually in patches
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5 layers of the epidermis from deepest to outer most layer.
- 1. stratum basale
- 2. stratum spinosum
- 3. stratum granulosum
- 4. stratum lucidum
- 5. stratum corneum
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What happens when your skin ages?
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what is the chemical composition of sweat?
mainly water, some salts and minerals. (sodium, potassium, and calcium)
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What is lymph
a colorless fluid containing white blood cells
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first line of defense
epidermis, hairs, mucous, cilia, saliva, urine, vomitting.
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second line of defense
interferons, complement system, fever.
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chemical factors in line of defenses
sebum, lysozymes, gastric juice, and vaginal secretions.
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What cells are involved with the lymphatic system?
B cells, and T cells.
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dendritic cells and macrophages
cells that destroy things
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autoimmune disease
immune system fails to display self tolerance. (attacks your own cells)
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ruptured spleen
causes signifigant hemorrage and shock
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abscess
an excessive accumulation of pus in a confined space
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ulcers
open sore caused by inflammed tissue being sloughed off
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graft rejection
when the immune system recognizes the skin graft as foreign
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HIV/AIDS
progressive destruction of the immune system.
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lymphoma
(clear water tumor) cancer of the lymphatic organs
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hodgkin disease
painless non-tender enlargement of 1 or more lymph
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non-hodgkin disease
same as hodgkin but includes spleen,anemia,and malaise
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pronator
turns palms posterior
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trapezoides
trapezoid face
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supination
turn palm upward
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abductor
farther from midline
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adductor
closer to midline
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what are the 7 ways muscles are named?
action, shape, orgin and insertion, number of orgins, location, direction of fibers and size
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aging of muscles
- between ages 30-50: 10% muscle tissue loss
- between ages 50-80: 40% loss
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class 2 lever
wheel barrow
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