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Biochemistry:
is the scientific discipline that seeks to explain life at the molecular and cellular level
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Nutritional Biochemistry:
is the specialized branch that examines the digestion, absorption, and elimination of nutrients as well as their physiological functions
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What are the 4 cellular building blocks?
-carbs
-lipids
-amino acids
-nucleotides
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Polar molecules are ____
- Hydrophillic
- *dissolve in water
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Nonpolar are _____
- hydrophobic
- *nonsoluble in water
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Molecules with similar functional groups have___
similar properties
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What do functional groups determine?
how a molecule will react with other molecules
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charged and symmetry) The more asymmetrical the charge distribution, the more
the molecule can interact with water
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charged and symmetry) The more symmetrical the charge distribution, the less
- the molecule can interact with water
- *lipids
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what is Amphipathic molecule?
both polar and non-polar molecule
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WHat is an example of amphiatic molecules?
phospholipids
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What is plasma membrane made up off?
phospholipid bilayer
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why are cells round?
- hydrophobic/hydrophyllic interactions naturally create the round structure that contains the cell
- *phosphate end interacts with water outside
- *lipid end moves away from the water to the center of the bilayer
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3 purposes of phospholipid bilayer membrane
-contain the contents of the cell
-protect the cell from its environment
-regulate movement of substances into & out of the cell
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what does the plasma membrane's selective permeability of membranes do?
-hydrophobic center inhibits polar substances from entering
- -allows to utilize protein channels that are selective
- *determines which water soluble substances may enter
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4 ways to move things across the membrane?
-diffusion
-facilitative diffusion
-active transport
-pinocytosis
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4 types of transportation across membrane) Does diffusion require energy?
no
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4 types of transportation across membrane) how is diffusion powered by?
- simple concentration gradient
- *flows from greater concentration to lower
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4 types of transportation across membrane) what 2 things can flow freely through the membrane/
O2 and CO2
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4 types of transportation across membrane) Does facilitated diffusion require energy?
no
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4 types of transportation across membrane) what is facilitated diffusion for?
large substances that require channels
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4 types of transportation across membrane) Facilitated diffusion- Cotransport:
a way to move an item against its concentration gradient without expending energy
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4 types of transportation across membrane) Facilitated diffusion- How does Cotransport work?
attach the item to another item that is already moving down a concentration gradient
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4 types of transportation across membrane) what does active transport create?
- concentration gradients
- *created potential energy
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4 types of transportation across membrane) what is active transport used for?
to move items against their concentration gradient
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4 types of transportation across membrane) what is pinocytosis?
substance enters encapsulated by a mini plasma membrane
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4 types of transportation across membrane) does pinocytosis require ATP?
yes
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Can membrane proteins move around?
yes, they can move laterally within membrane or enter/exit the membrane
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Where do the membrane proteins come from?
they are produced and managed by the nucleus
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what two things does the endoplasmic reticulum create?
- -protein and lipids
- *rough and smooth er
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what organelle assembles proteins?
ribosome
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what does golgi apparatus do?
processes and packages proteins after they leave rough e.r
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What do lysosomes do? (2)
contains enzymes that break up proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
-remove and recycle waste products
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what 2 things is the happen at the mitochondrial matrix?
-TCA cycle
-fatty acid oxidation
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what 4 things is energy needed for?
-exertion
-anabolism
-active transport
-transfer of genetic information
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what is free energy?
potential energy in bonds of nutrients tht is released
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What type of bonds hold the phosphates together in ATP?
- anhydride bonds
- *release a lot of energy when hydrolyzed
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what are 2 examples of potential energy?
macros and ATP
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What is potential energy?
stored energy
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What is activation energy?
energy necessary to ignite the release of potential energy
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what do enzymes do? (2)
-binds 2 substrates
-speeds up their reaction by lowering the activation
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examples of enzyme) oxidoreductases
reactions in which one compound is oxidized and another is reduced
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examples of enzyme) transferases
functional group transferred from one substrate to another
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examples of enzyme) hydrolases
hydrolysis of carbon bonds
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examples of enzyme) Lyases
cleavage of C-C, C-S, & C-N bonds
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examples of enzyme) Isomerases
interconversion of optical or geometric isomers
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examples of enzyme) LIgases
catalyze formation of C and other bonds
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What does coupling do?
makes impossible reactions occur
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