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When DNA molecule is duplicated?

When RNA polymerase binds to DNA?

A replication fork has a template for DNA base sequence GCTA that will order a base sequence of:

mRNA transcribes DNA message during

during Transcription, thymine is replaced with

During transcription a DNA sequence of GTACGA will order an RNA base sequence of

3 adjacent bases on mRNA tht encode addition of a particular amino acid

The start codon AUG codes for

Translation is

the role of tRNA is to

The type of RNA taht carries the amino acid to the ribosome is

Amino acids are linked creating

Amino acids are carried to the ribosomes where _____are made?

The sum total of all of a cells DNA

small DNA structures that carry nonessential genes

plasmids and conjugation are related by:

R Factors have multiple ______

Five types of mutations are:

a base change in DNA of GGAATCGAT to TAGCTAAGG is an example of a mutation called

a base change in DNA of CCATGCA toCCAAGCA is an example of

spontaneous mutations occur

Induced mutations are caused by intentional

What are 3 forms of genetic exchange aomong bacteria?

When DNA leaves one cell and exists in an extracellular environment then it is taken up by another cell where it may become incorporated in the genome?

viruses inject their DNA into bacterium and use the bacteria's metabolic properties to produce more viruses

what occurs with bacteriophages?

_____is carried out by conjugative plasmids. (plasmids xfer themselves to another cell)

Frederick Griffith performed the first demonstration of

Frederick GRiffiths experimented with mice by injecting them with

Hospital acquired infections are called?

taking of DNA from 1 cell, manipulating it invitro and then putting it in another cell is called?

Invitro means

The process of obtaining a larege number of copies of a gene

A DNA molecule that a host cell can replicate

non coding sections of DNA that enzymes have cut out after the gene has been transcribed into mRNA

an enzyme that used RNA as a template to make a complementary strand of DNA

What are the 3 charachteristics of good cloning?

What is used to cut out genes (cut the cloning vector)

a process that seals the fragment of DNA with the gene to be cloned into the cut

What are the 4 ways to put Recombinant DNA into a Host Cell?

When Dna leaves 1 cell and exists extracellular then is taken up by another cell where it may become part of the genome

DNA from a virus

inserts DNA into an animal cell directly by using a pipette

introduces DNA into an bacterial cell by suspending cells into a solution of DNA and applying high voltage electrical impulses

One way to find the right gene to insert is by prior purifaction where a short DNA strand that is complimentary to mRNA is tagged with

List 4 hosts that are used for Recombinant DNA

the sum of all chemical activities that take place within an organism

aerobic metabolism takes place in the presence of

During _________ a DNA base sequence of ATCC will order a base sequence of ATCC

During _____a DNA sequence of GCTCA will order an RNA base sequence of GCUCA

What happens during transcription?

proteins are synthesized during

The role of tRNA is to carry _______to ribosomes

changes in a cell's DNA

plasmids are transferred to cells by

genetic recombination involves artificial and

what are 3 forms of genetic exchange among bacteria?

what tpe of genetic exchange occurs when DNA leaves one cell and exists for a time in the extracellular environment, then is taken up by another cell where it may become incorporated into the genome?

who first experimented with transformation?

Recomginant DNA technology occurs in vitro. This means it occurs

transformation transfection microinjection and electroporation are all means to put _______ molecules into host cells

Transfection is DNA from a

Inserting DNA into animal cells directly using a pipette is called

DNA that is introduced into bacterial, animal, or plant cells by applying high voltage electrical impulses is called

Microorganisms grow by

in binary fission cleavage near the midpoint forms into ______daughter cells of approximate equal size

doubling time is hte time it takes for a population to divide and produce

the doubling time for E.Coli is about ________

What are the 4 phases of bacteria growth that occur in a batch culture?

no growth, the bacterial cells are getting used to thier new environment

1 cell increases to 2 cells, then 4, then 8, then 16

no growth, equal births and deaths as nutrients decline

decline in population

a batch culture means that population grows in a

a mass of cells growing in agar

cells in the center of colonies are usually in the stationary or death phase because they have

cells on the edge of a colony are in the exponential phase because they have plenty of

when making a slide from a colony, where should you take the cells from? the edge of the colony or the center?

nutritional needs are related to the types of elements of which a bacterial cell is built of. (what it is made up of)
List 4 major elements

Thermophiles grow at

mesophiles grow best at

Psychrophiles grow at cold temps

The spoiling of food in a refrigerator is ussually due to the action of

most prokaryotes grow best at

acidophiles are

alkaliphiles are

halophiles are

all microorganisms need liquid_______ to grow

Fluid within the cytoplasm moves out causing cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall (can collapse)

higher solute concentration outside the cell compared to inside of cell

a spectrophotometer measures the _______of a culture

the Petroff-Hauser chamber is used to

Sterilization refers to the ________of all microbial life

disinfectant is the treatment that reduces the number of _______to a level at which they pose no danger of disease.

Decontamination renders a surface that has been heavily exposed to microorganisms safe to

antisepsis kills microorganisms on

In sterilization what are the 3 things we must know?

the canning industry must know how long food must be heated for it to be free of bacteria, especiall for

the endospores of the bacterium_________can cause botulism

Moist heat sterilizes by _________proteins

Boiling water does not work on

An autoclave usually maintains a pressure of ______psi at a temp of ______C.

Pasteurization kills certain microorganisms by denaturing proteins and eliminates pathogens that slow the spoilage of

refridgeration preserves food by

UV light sterilized by damaging

Filtration removes the cellular microorganisms but not

High concentrations of salt or sugar are used to preserve certain foods by

Chemicals that kill microorganisms are called

Joseph Lister used phenols to kill most microorganisms. He called it

Germistats are chemicals that inhibit

a tincture of iodine contains

surfactants are

what is the standard treatment for pasteurizing milk?

How does vinegar prevent the growth of most mircroorganisms

How does salting preserve food?

What is calcium propionate?

what are the 4 phases of bacterial growth

a population that grows in a closed container is called a

Halophiles can withstand extremely high _____concentrations

psychropiles grow best at a temp of _____C

a spectrometer measures the _______ of a culture

the petroff hauser chamber is used to

what term describes a treatment that destroys all microbial life?

what term describes a treatment that is specifically meant to kill microorganisms on living tissue?

boiling water doesnt work on destroying vegetatvie cells of thermophilic bacteria or

does pasteurization kill all microorganisms

cold slows or stops microbial growth by

list 2 examples of surfactatants

One example of bacteria that produce endospores aht can cause botuslism is

what is the name of the antifungal agent added to bread to prevent mildew/mold growth?