-
When DNA molecule is duplicated?
Replication
-
When RNA polymerase binds to DNA?
replication
-
A replication fork has a template for DNA base sequence GCTA that will order a base sequence of:
GCTA
-
mRNA transcribes DNA message during
Transcription
-
during Transcription, thymine is replaced with
Uracil
-
During transcription a DNA sequence of GTACGA will order an RNA base sequence of
GUACGA
-
3 adjacent bases on mRNA tht encode addition of a particular amino acid
Codon
-
The start codon AUG codes for
methionine
-
Translation is
protein synthesis
-
the role of tRNA is to
carry anticondon that can base pair with a codon
-
The type of RNA taht carries the amino acid to the ribosome is
tRNA
-
Amino acids are linked creating
peptide bonds
-
Amino acids are carried to the ribosomes where _____are made?
proteins
-
The sum total of all of a cells DNA
genome
-
small DNA structures that carry nonessential genes
plasmids
-
plasmids and conjugation are related by:
conjugation-they transfer a copy of themselves to another bacterial cell
-
R Factors have multiple ______
drug resistance
-
Five types of mutations are:
- base substitution
- deletion
- inversion
- transposition
- duplication
-
a base change in DNA of GGAATCGAT to TAGCTAAGG is an example of a mutation called
inversion mutation
-
a base change in DNA of CCATGCA toCCAAGCA is an example of
base substitution
-
spontaneous mutations occur
naturally
-
Induced mutations are caused by intentional
chemical, physical or biological changes
-
What are 3 forms of genetic exchange aomong bacteria?
- transformation
- transduction
- conjugation
-
When DNA leaves one cell and exists in an extracellular environment then it is taken up by another cell where it may become incorporated in the genome?
transformation
-
viruses inject their DNA into bacterium and use the bacteria's metabolic properties to produce more viruses
transduction
-
what occurs with bacteriophages?
transduction
-
_____is carried out by conjugative plasmids. (plasmids xfer themselves to another cell)
conjugation
-
Frederick Griffith performed the first demonstration of
bacterial transformation
-
Frederick GRiffiths experimented with mice by injecting them with
heat inactivated 'S' strain of streptococcus phneumonae
-
Hospital acquired infections are called?
nosocomial infections
-
taking of DNA from 1 cell, manipulating it invitro and then putting it in another cell is called?
recombinant DNA technology
-
Invitro means
occurs outside a living cell
-
The process of obtaining a larege number of copies of a gene
Gene Cloning
-
A DNA molecule that a host cell can replicate
Cloning vector
-
non coding sections of DNA that enzymes have cut out after the gene has been transcribed into mRNA
introns
-
an enzyme that used RNA as a template to make a complementary strand of DNA
Reverse transcriptase
-
What are the 3 charachteristics of good cloning?
- 1-DNA molecules that can replicate b/c they have a region called origin of replication.
- 2-Small so that thier replication does not tax the host cell's metabollic capacity
- 3-it has cells that identify host cells with the vector
-
What is used to cut out genes (cut the cloning vector)
restriction endonucleases
-
a process that seals the fragment of DNA with the gene to be cloned into the cut
ligation
-
What are the 4 ways to put Recombinant DNA into a Host Cell?
- transformation
- transfection
- microinjection
- electroporation
-
When Dna leaves 1 cell and exists extracellular then is taken up by another cell where it may become part of the genome
transformation
-
DNA from a virus
transfection
-
inserts DNA into an animal cell directly by using a pipette
microinjection
-
introduces DNA into an bacterial cell by suspending cells into a solution of DNA and applying high voltage electrical impulses
Electroporation
-
One way to find the right gene to insert is by prior purifaction where a short DNA strand that is complimentary to mRNA is tagged with
a probe (usually radioactive isotope)
-
List 4 hosts that are used for Recombinant DNA
- E. Coli (first used)
- insects
- plants
- animals
-
the sum of all chemical activities that take place within an organism
metabolism
-
aerobic metabolism takes place in the presence of
oxygen
-
During _________ a DNA base sequence of ATCC will order a base sequence of ATCC
replication
-
During _____a DNA sequence of GCTCA will order an RNA base sequence of GCUCA
transcription
-
What happens during transcription?
uracil replaces thymine
-
proteins are synthesized during
translation
-
The role of tRNA is to carry _______to ribosomes
amino acids
-
changes in a cell's DNA
mutations
-
plasmids are transferred to cells by
conjugation
-
genetic recombination involves artificial and
natural means
-
what are 3 forms of genetic exchange among bacteria?
transformation, conjugation, and transduction
-
what tpe of genetic exchange occurs when DNA leaves one cell and exists for a time in the extracellular environment, then is taken up by another cell where it may become incorporated into the genome?
transformation
-
who first experimented with transformation?
frederick griffith
-
Recomginant DNA technology occurs in vitro. This means it occurs
outside living cells
-
transformation transfection microinjection and electroporation are all means to put _______ molecules into host cells
recombinant DNA
-
Transfection is DNA from a
virus
-
Inserting DNA into animal cells directly using a pipette is called
microinjection
-
DNA that is introduced into bacterial, animal, or plant cells by applying high voltage electrical impulses is called
electroporation
-
Microorganisms grow by
binary fission
-
in binary fission cleavage near the midpoint forms into ______daughter cells of approximate equal size
2
-
doubling time is hte time it takes for a population to divide and produce
2 new cells
-
the doubling time for E.Coli is about ________
17-18 mins
-
What are the 4 phases of bacteria growth that occur in a batch culture?
- lag phase
- exponential phase
- stationary phase
- death phase
-
no growth, the bacterial cells are getting used to thier new environment
lag phase
-
1 cell increases to 2 cells, then 4, then 8, then 16
exponential phase
-
no growth, equal births and deaths as nutrients decline
stationary phase
-
decline in population
death phase
-
a batch culture means that population grows in a
test tube/flask/lab setting
-
a mass of cells growing in agar
colony
-
cells in the center of colonies are usually in the stationary or death phase because they have
ran out of nutrients
-
cells on the edge of a colony are in the exponential phase because they have plenty of
nutrients
-
when making a slide from a colony, where should you take the cells from? the edge of the colony or the center?
the edge
-
nutritional needs are related to the types of elements of which a bacterial cell is built of. (what it is made up of)
List 4 major elements
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (as well as sulfur)
-
Thermophiles grow at
high temps above 50*C
-
mesophiles grow best at
moderate temps 37*C
-
Psychrophiles grow at cold temps
below 5*C
-
The spoiling of food in a refrigerator is ussually due to the action of
pschrophiles
-
most prokaryotes grow best at
slightly alkaline pH
-
acidophiles are
acid lovers
-
alkaliphiles are
base lovers
-
halophiles are
salt lovers
-
all microorganisms need liquid_______ to grow
nutrients
-
Fluid within the cytoplasm moves out causing cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall (can collapse)
plasmolysis
-
higher solute concentration outside the cell compared to inside of cell
plasmolysis
-
a spectrophotometer measures the _______of a culture
turbidity
-
the Petroff-Hauser chamber is used to
count cells
-
Sterilization refers to the ________of all microbial life
destruction
-
disinfectant is the treatment that reduces the number of _______to a level at which they pose no danger of disease.
pathogens
-
Decontamination renders a surface that has been heavily exposed to microorganisms safe to
handle
-
antisepsis kills microorganisms on
living tissue
-
In sterilization what are the 3 things we must know?
- 1-the D-value of treatment (unit of time to kill micro)
- 2-number of cells present
- 3-desired degree of certainty that no cells will be alive at end of treatment
-
the canning industry must know how long food must be heated for it to be free of bacteria, especiall for
botulism
-
the endospores of the bacterium_________can cause botulism
clostridium botulinum
-
Moist heat sterilizes by _________proteins
denaturing
-
Boiling water does not work on
vegetative cells of thermophilic bacteria or endospores
-
An autoclave usually maintains a pressure of ______psi at a temp of ______C.
15, 121
-
Pasteurization kills certain microorganisms by denaturing proteins and eliminates pathogens that slow the spoilage of
wine, beer, dairy, milk
-
refridgeration preserves food by
slowing microbial growth or slowing chemical reactions
-
UV light sterilized by damaging
DNA
-
Filtration removes the cellular microorganisms but not
viruses
-
High concentrations of salt or sugar are used to preserve certain foods by
drawing out water
-
Chemicals that kill microorganisms are called
germicides
-
Joseph Lister used phenols to kill most microorganisms. He called it
carbolic acid, cloraseptic
-
Germistats are chemicals that inhibit
microbial growth
-
a tincture of iodine contains
alcohol
-
surfactants are
soaps/detergents that physically remove microbes
-
what is the standard treatment for pasteurizing milk?
heating to 63*C for 30 mins or 72*c for 15 mins
-
How does vinegar prevent the growth of most mircroorganisms
provides a low pH
-
How does salting preserve food?
drawing out water
-
What is calcium propionate?
antifungal agent added to bread to prevent mold/mildew growth
-
what are the 4 phases of bacterial growth
lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, death
-
a population that grows in a closed container is called a
batch culture
-
Halophiles can withstand extremely high _____concentrations
salt
-
psychropiles grow best at a temp of _____C
5
-
a spectrometer measures the _______ of a culture
turbidity
-
the petroff hauser chamber is used to
count cells
-
what term describes a treatment that destroys all microbial life?
sterilization
-
what term describes a treatment that is specifically meant to kill microorganisms on living tissue?
antesepsis
-
boiling water doesnt work on destroying vegetatvie cells of thermophilic bacteria or
endospores
-
does pasteurization kill all microorganisms
no
-
cold slows or stops microbial growth by
slowing chemical reactions
-
list 2 examples of surfactatants
soap/detergent
-
One example of bacteria that produce endospores aht can cause botuslism is
bacterium clostridium botulinum
-
what is the name of the antifungal agent added to bread to prevent mildew/mold growth?
calcium propionate
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