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Reproductive Physiology
Study of reproduction in animals regardless of species
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Animal Sciences Reproductive Physiology
Reproduction in food-producing animals
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Why care about reproduction
- Reproduction failure is the greatest economic loss
- Animal derived food products are based on ability of the animal to reproduce
- The overall goal of reproduction is to produce a healthy offspring
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Steps to produce a healthy offspring
- sperm production, maturation, and transport
- Standing heat (standing estrus) - time during estrus cycle when a female will stand to be mounted
- Copulation
- Ovulation
- Implantation
- Placentation
- Gestation
- Parturition
- Lactation
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Additional per year if reproduction improves by 3%
- 1.05 million beef calves
- 3.2 million pigs weaned
- 3.7 million gallons of milk
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Broad Ligament
- Suspensory tissue that supports the female reproductive tract
- Houses vascular network, lymphatic drainage, and nerves
- has 3 components
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3 components of Broad ligaments
- Mesovarium
- Mesosalpinx
- Mesometrium
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Mesovarium
Supports ovary
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Mesosalpinx
Supports oviduct
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Mesometrium
Supports uterus
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Ovary
- Produces female gamete (oocyte/egg)
- Produces the female hormones (progestrone and estrogen)
- Two; oval or rounded
- Ovarian Anatomical Structures: Follicles, Corpus Hemorrhagicum, Corpus Luteum, Corpus Albicans
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Follicles
- Blister like structures
- Contains oocyte
- Produces estrogen
- Many follicles at different stages of growth
- Develop on surface of ovary (cow, ewe, sow)
- Single follicle: cow and mare
- Single or multiple follicles: ewe
- Multiple follicles: sow
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Corpus Hemorrhagicum
- Blood clot formed after follicle ruptures
- Bright red in color
- Quickly forms corpus luteum, so few are observed
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Corpus Luteum
- Yellow mass of cells
- Protrudes from ovary
- Produces progesterone
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Corpus Albicans
- White body formed in degenerative processes of corpus luteum
- Connective tissue infiltrates CL
- Small scar
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Oviduct
- Passageway for oocyte and sperm
- Site for fertilization
- Secretory organ
- Two; tubal shaped
- Components of: Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus, Uterotubual Junction
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Infundibulum
- Thin, funnel-shaped end of oviduct
- Fimbria-fringed border
- First picks up the egg
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Ampulla
- Thicker portion, closer to infundibulum
- Site of fertilization (ampullary-isthmic junction)
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Isthmus
Thinner portion, from ampulla to uterus
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Uterotubal Junction
Connection to uterus
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Uterus
- Passageway for sperm
- Secretory organ
- Houses developing embryo/fetus
- Types: Duplex, Biocornuate, Simplex
- 3 Layers: Perimetrium, Myometrium, Enometrium
- Carnuncles
- Intercaruncular Space
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Simplex
- No uterine horns
- Found in Primates
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Duplex
- 2 cervices
- Found in Marsupials and Rabbits
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Bicornuate
- Poorly to moderately developed uterine horns
- Found in Mares, Cow, Sow, Ewe, Cats, Dogs
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Perimetrium
- Outermost layer
- Protection
- "slip n' slide"
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Myometrium
- Middle layer
- two layers of muscle
- Contractions: Sperm movement and birth
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Endometrium
- Innermost Layer
- Houses: Carnuncles, Glands (produce PGF2-delta and histrotroph)
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Carnuncles
- "button-like" structures on wall of uterus (cow and ewe)
- Found throughout horns and body
- Function as site of nutrient exchange during pregnancy
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Intercaruncular Space
- Glandular region
- Produces PGF2-delta and histrotroph
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Vestibule
Common area for reproductive and urinary system
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Cervix
- Passageway for sperm following breeding
- Secretory organ
- Seals off uterus in pregnancy
- Passageway for fetus a birth
- Posterior to uterus; anterior to vagina
- Round and tubular, firm, "turkey neck"
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Vagina
- Receives penis during copulation
- Secretes small amounts of mucus
- Passageway for fetus at birth
- One; thin-walled, tubular
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Vulva
- Outer lips (labia) of urogenital system
- Passageway for urine
- Receptor for penis during copulation
- Passageway for fetus at birth
- Protection; prevents material from environment from entering tract
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Mare Terms
- Ovulation Fossa: Mares only ovulate from this location
- Medulla: Found on outside of ovary
- Cortex: Found on inside of ovary
- Transurethral Folds: Unique structure to mare; between the vagina and the vestibule
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Scrotum
- Two-lobed sac containing the testes: protect and support testes; Temperature regulation
- Pendulous (Bull and Ram)
- Nonpendulous (Boar and Stallion)
- Skin
- Tunica Dartos Muscle
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Skin on Scrotum
Helps with temperature regulation by having sweat glands
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Tunica Dartos Muscle
- Smooth muscle (sustained contractions)
- Temperature control (raises and lowers testes)
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Testes
- Pair of reproductive organs
- Produce male gamete (sperm)
- Produce hormones (Testosterone)
- Parietal vaginal tunica
- Vaginal cavity
- Testicular Capsule: 2 layers (Viseral vaginal tunica and Tunica albuginea)
- Parenchyma
- Mediastinum
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Tunica Albuginea
- Connective tissue- provide support
- Smooth Muscle- Sperm transport
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Parenchyma
- Seminiferous Tubules: sertoli cells- develop male gamete(sperm)
- Interstital Compartment: Connective tissue; Leydig cells- produce testosterone
- Major cellular mass of testes
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Mediastinum
- Central connective tissue core of testis (support and aid in sperm)
- Rete Testis (rete tubules) Connect seminiferous tubules to efferent ducts
- Efferent Ducts - Connect rete testis to head of epididymis
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Epididymis
- Receives sperm from testis
- Transports sperm to urethra- smooth muscle contractions
- Three parts: head, body, and tail
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Head (caput)
- Receives sperm from testis
- Concentrates sperm
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Body (corpus)
Sperm maturation
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Tail (caudal)
Sperm Storage
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