-
________________ are essential to growth, construction, and repair of tissue; they also function as hormones and antibodies.
Proteins
-
_____________ provide fuel for cell metabolism.
Carbohydrates
-
____________ act as a resevoir for long-term storage of engergy, guard the body against the environment, and protext organs.
Lipids
-
_______________ carry genetic information necessary for cell replication
Nucleic Acids
-
____________ conpromises 80-85% of our bodies weight.
Water
-
Salts maintain correct portion of ____________ in the cell and support cell ______________ and aid in ____________ of nerve impulses.
water, function, conduction
-
The cell _____________ surrounds the cell, functions as a barricade, can controls passage of water and other materials in and out of the cell.
membrane
-
_________________ is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus in which all metabolic activity occurs.
Cytoplasm
-
The ___________ transports food and molecules from one part of the cell to another.
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
-
The Golgi apparatus unites __________ molecules with ___________ to form glycoproteins.
large carbohydrate, proteins
-
_______________ contains enzymes that produce energy for cellular activity.
Mitochondria
-
Lysosomes break down _________ molecules; they may rupture when exposed to _________, resulting in cell death.
unwanted large molecules, radiation
-
___________ synthesize the various proteins that cells require.
Ribosomes
-
The ____________ controls cell division, multiplication, and biochemical reactions.
nucleus
-
Somatic cells divide through ___________.
mitosis
-
What are the four phases of mitosis?
- 1. pre-DNA synthesis
- 2. actual DNA synthesis
- 3. post-DNA manufacturing
- 4. division
-
Genetic cells divide through ____________.
meiosis
-
The _____________ has mapped the entire sequence of DNA base pairs on all 46 chromosomes.
Human Genome Project
-
Low LET radiation is generally from what two (2) types of radiation?
x-rays and gamma rays
-
High LET is usually associated with what type(s) of radiation?
Alpha particles and fast neutrons
-
Low LET is referred to as having __________ damage, while high LET usually has __________ damage.
indirect, direct
-
________________ is a by product of indirect reactions in which a solitary atom of combination of atoms acts as an exremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of an unpaired electon.
Free radical
-
The damage produced by a free radical in the presence of oxygen is ____________.
permanent of fixed
-
_________________ states that if the cell DNA is affected by either indirect of direct reactions the cell will die.
Target Theory
-
A method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell radiation is _________________.
cell survival curve
-
The _________________ states the radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation.
Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau
-
______________ is a chemical used to enhance radiosensitivity.
Oxygen
-
Randomly occuring biologic somatic changes (late effects)
Stochastic
-
Directly related to the dose recieved (late and early effects)
nonstochastic
-
Acute radiation syndrome occurs when the whole body is exposed to _________________.
large does of ionizing radiation
-
What are the three systems affected by ARS?
hematopietic, GI, cerebrovascular
-
LD _________ for humans may be a more accurate estimate of lethal dose.
50/60
-
In cells exposed to sublethas doses ____% are repaired and _____& are irrepairable.
90, 10
-
Effects that occur with in hours, days, and weeks, are called ____________.
early nonstochastic somatic
-
__________________ effects take months to years to manifest.
Late somatic effects
-
_________ risk is defined that a specific number of cancers will occur as a result of exposure to x-radiation.
Absolute
-
_____________ risk describs the number of excess cancers rise as a natural incident.
Relative
-
At what point in a pregnancy is the fetus most radiosensitive?
First trimester
-
__________ effects are biological effects on generation unborn.
Genetic
-
_____________ are mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomenon.
Spontaneous Mutations
-
Annual effective dose limit.
50 mSv (5 rem)
-
Cumulative effective dose limit.
10 mSv x age (1 rem x age)
-
Lens of eye annual dose limit.
150 mSv (15 rem)
-
Localized areas of the skin, hands, and feet annual dose limit.
500 mSv (50 rem)
-
Monthly embryo and fetus exposures.
.5 mSv (.05 rem)
-
Entire gestation of embryo and fetus exposures.
5 mSv (.5 rem)
-
Oversees the nuclear engergy industry.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
-
Enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments.
Agreement states
-
Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment.
Enviromental Protection Agency (EPA)
-
Conducts an ongoing product of radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products, including x-ray equipment.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
-
Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
-
Evaluates information on biologic effects of radiation and provides radiation protection guidance through general recommendations on occupational and public dose limits.
ICRP
-
Reviews regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides ways to include those recommendatins in U.S. radiation protection criteria.
NCRP
-
Evaluates human and environment ionizing radiation exposure and derives radiation risk assessments from epidemiologic data and research conclusions; provides imformation to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation.
UNSCEAR
-
Reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation.
BEIR
-
List and describe the four (4) stages of acute radiation syndrome.
- 1. Prodormal - occurs within hours after a whole body absorbed dose of 1 GY.
- 2. Latent - about one week, during which no visible symptoms occur.
- 3. Manifest illness - period when symptoms that affect the hematopietic, GI, and cerebrovascular system become visible.
- 4. Recovery or death.
-
Recieves 1000 Gy in a period of seconds or minutes. The DNA macromolecule breaks up, and cellular proteins coagulate.
Instant death
-
1-10 Gy. Cell does not die, but permenetly losses it's ability to procreate.
Reproductive death
-
Cells die without attempting division during the interphase portion of the cells life cycle.
Apoptosis
-
Genetic death, cell dies after one or more divisions.
Mitotic death
-
.01 Gy, failure of the cell to start dividing on time.
Mitotic delay
-
Can be permentent or temporary.
Interference with function
-
Interacts with DNA macromolecule, may result in loss of genetic material.
Chromosome breakage
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