Radiation Biology

________________ are essential to growth, construction, and repair of tissue; they also function as hormones and antibodies.

_____________ provide fuel for cell metabolism.

____________ act as a resevoir for long-term storage of engergy, guard the body against the environment, and protext organs.

_______________ carry genetic information necessary for cell replication

____________ conpromises 80-85% of our bodies weight.

Salts maintain correct portion of ____________ in the cell and support cell ______________ and aid in ____________ of nerve impulses.

The cell _____________ surrounds the cell, functions as a barricade, can controls passage of water and other materials in and out of the cell.

_________________ is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus in which all metabolic activity occurs.

The ___________ transports food and molecules from one part of the cell to another.

The Golgi apparatus unites __________ molecules with ___________ to form glycoproteins.

_______________ contains enzymes that produce energy for cellular activity.

Lysosomes break down _________ molecules; they may rupture when exposed to _________, resulting in cell death.

___________ synthesize the various proteins that cells require.

The ____________ controls cell division, multiplication, and biochemical reactions.

Somatic cells divide through ___________.

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Genetic cells divide through ____________.

The _____________ has mapped the entire sequence of DNA base pairs on all 46 chromosomes.

Low LET radiation is generally from what two (2) types of radiation?

High LET is usually associated with what type(s) of radiation?

Low LET is referred to as having __________ damage, while high LET usually has __________ damage.

________________ is a by product of indirect reactions in which a solitary atom of combination of atoms acts as an exremely reactive single entity as a result of the presence of an unpaired electon.

The damage produced by a free radical in the presence of oxygen is ____________.

_________________ states that if the cell DNA is affected by either indirect of direct reactions the cell will die.

A method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell radiation is _________________.

The _________________ states the radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation.

______________ is a chemical used to enhance radiosensitivity.

Randomly occuring biologic somatic changes (late effects)

Directly related to the dose recieved (late and early effects)

Acute radiation syndrome occurs when the whole body is exposed to _________________.

What are the three systems affected by ARS?

LD _________ for humans may be a more accurate estimate of lethal dose.

In cells exposed to sublethas doses ____% are repaired and _____& are irrepairable.

Effects that occur with in hours, days, and weeks, are called ____________.

__________________ effects take months to years to manifest.

_________ risk is defined that a specific number of cancers will occur as a result of exposure to x-radiation.

_____________ risk describs the number of excess cancers rise as a natural incident.

At what point in a pregnancy is the fetus most radiosensitive?

__________ effects are biological effects on generation unborn.

_____________ are mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomenon.

Annual effective dose limit.

Cumulative effective dose limit.

Lens of eye annual dose limit.

Localized areas of the skin, hands, and feet annual dose limit.

Monthly embryo and fetus exposures.

Entire gestation of embryo and fetus exposures.

Oversees the nuclear engergy industry.

Enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments.

Facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment.

Conducts an ongoing product of radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products, including x-ray equipment.

Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry.

Evaluates information on biologic effects of radiation and provides radiation protection guidance through general recommendations on occupational and public dose limits.

Reviews regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides ways to include those recommendatins in U.S. radiation protection criteria.

Evaluates human and environment ionizing radiation exposure and derives radiation risk assessments from epidemiologic data and research conclusions; provides imformation to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation.

Reviews studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation.

List and describe the four (4) stages of acute radiation syndrome.

Recieves 1000 Gy in a period of seconds or minutes. The DNA macromolecule breaks up, and cellular proteins coagulate.

1-10 Gy. Cell does not die, but permenetly losses it's ability to procreate.

Cells die without attempting division during the interphase portion of the cells life cycle.

Genetic death, cell dies after one or more divisions.

.01 Gy, failure of the cell to start dividing on time.

Can be permentent or temporary.

Interacts with DNA macromolecule, may result in loss of genetic material.