-
Non-anesthetized parameters
- Systolic: 91-110
- Diastolic: 51-65
- MAP: 66-81
-
Anesthetized parameters
- Systolic: 79-97
- Diastolic: 37-49
- MAP: 53-70
-
-
valves with 2 cusps
mitral
-
"hardware disease"
traumatic reticular pericarditis
-
cardiac tamponade
- fluid buildup between visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium
- prevents heart from expanding/contracting normally
- tachycardia, hypoxia, syncope, death
-
endocarditis
inflammation of SQE lining and valvular endocarditis
-
rheumatic fever
- inflammation of heart valves producing insufficiencies
- streptococci
-
Erysipelas
- endocarditis
- etiology: Erysipelothrix rhusioperthiae
- diamond shaped skin lesions, arthritis w/ lameness
- pigs and turkeys
-
chordae tendinae
thread-like cords that connect atrioventricular valves to papillary muscles in ventricles
-
LUB
- AV valves close
- contraction of ventricles
- systolic
-
dub
- semilunar valves close
- contraction of pulmonary artery and aorta
- diastole
-
Caval syndrome
- actue manifestation of HW in R side of heart
- R heart side failure
-
Left side heart failure
- mitral valve insufficiency
- pulmonary edema
- given Enacard to reduce blood vol
-
Where are valves found?
placed at irregular intervals to direct blood in one direction (preventing back flow through valve closure)
-
movement in one direction
orthodromically
-
administer for irregular contractions of atria/ventricles
Lidocaine without Epinephrine
-
Systole
- Contraction
- Depolarization
-
-
-
-
steps in conduction in the heart
- SA node
- Internodal pathways
- AV node
- AV bundle (syncytium)
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje Fibers
-
syncytium
fibrous ring acts as an insulator between the two syncytia (atrial, ventricular) so that an impulse that spreads through the atria does not spread to the ventricles, and visa versa
-
pressure originating from RV, circulating to lungs, etc
pulmonary circulation
-
pressure originating from LV, blood that has returned from lungs, goes to all areas of body
systemic circulation
-
examples of portal systems
- renal portal system
- hepatic portal system
- hypophyseal portal system
-
blood flow through hepatic portal system
portal vein> liver> sinusoids in liver lobule filter> hepatic vein> caudal vena cava
-
macrophages in CNS
microglial cells
-
macrophages in loose connective tissue
histiocytes
-
where are lymphocytes found?
- spleen
- thymus
- lymph nodes
- lymph tissue
-
lymph nodes to palpate in dog
- mandibular
- parotid
- axillary (superficial)
- inguinal (medial femoral)
- popliteal
-
largest lymphoid organ
spleen
-
white pulp vs. red pulp of the spleen
- white- lymphocyte production
- red- lymphocyte filtration
-
P Wave
depolarization (systole/contraction) of atria
-
QRS Complex
- repolarization (diastole/relaxation) of atria
- depolarization (systole/contraction) of ventricles
-
T Wave
repolarization (diastole/relaxation) of ventricles
-
incisura
- closure of aortic valve preceded by sharp dip in aortic pressure
- immediately followed by secondary rise
- indicates end of ventricular systole(contraction)/beginning of ventricular diastole(relaxation)
-
what two factors determine cardiac output?
-
what does cardiac output represent?
vol of blood that flows from either L or R ventricle
-
total cardiac output
sum of vol of blood ejected from BOTH ventricles
-
starling's law
heart rate can increase and stroke vol decrease and still result in high cardiac output-up to a point-Starling's Law- then cardiac output will decrease
-
3 stages of shock
- compensatory
- progressive
- irreversible
-
how are heart reflexes related to BP?
stretch receptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus respond to increase/decrease BP
-
impulses from the aortic arch are transmitted via the __________ to the ___________
- vagus nerve (10)
- medulla-pons (cardioinhibitor&vasomotor centers)
- directed toward lowering BP
- increases parasympathetic stimulation to the heart thus decreasing its activity, dilation of the systemic blood vessels
-
impulses from the carotid sinus are transmitted via the ________to the ___________
- glossopharyngeal (9)
- medulla-pons (cardioinhibitor&vasomotor centers)
- directed toward lowering BP
- increases parasympathetic stimulation to the heart thus decreasing its activity, dilation of systemic blood vessels
-
what is done first in SX if BP is low?
increase surgery drip to shock drip
-
Brainbridge reflex
receptors in the R. atrium are stimulated by stretc (or lack of stretch), such as during exercise when greater amounts of blood are returned to the heart
stretch receptors transmit their impulse through the vagus (10) to medulla of the brain
designed to increase all activities of the heart/circulatory effects
-
-
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
MAP= D + 1/3 PP
-
indirect/non-invasive ways to measure BP
-
what does the Doppler measure?
Systolic ONLY!!!
-
disadvantages of using the Doppler
- does not give diastolic, therefore:
- PP cannot be determined
- MAP cannot be determined
- true hypo/hypertension cannot be determined
-
3 factors that can influence BP readings
- anxiety
- movement
- improper cuff size
-
ways to minimize the "white coat" effect
- time to acclimate
- quiet area
- owner participation
- minimal restraint
-
hallmark of shock
hypotension
-
types of shock
- hypovolemic
- cardiovascular
- neurogenic
- septic
- anaphylactic
-
what are things we administer that could cause shock?
- anesthesics
- cardiac meds (vasodilators=lowering of BP)
-
causes of hypotension
- shock
- sepsis
- administration of various meds (anesthetics, cardiac)
-
clinical manifestations of hypotension
- cool extremities
- prolonged CRT
- diminished consciousness
- little-no urine output
-
most common complication of anesthesia
hypotension
-
-
classifications of hypertension
- primary- idiopathic
- secondary- disease is the cause
-
causes of secondary hypertension
- cushing's disease
- hyperthyroidism
- diabetes mellitus
- renal disease
-
autoregulation
when oxygen is reduced in concentration, blood vessels dilate allowing more blood to flow so oxygen is replenishedÂ
-
non-anesthetized BPs
- systolic: 91-110
- diastolic: 51-65
- MAP: 66-81
-
anesthetized BPs
- systolic: 79-97
- diastolic: 37-49
- MAP: 53-70
-
-
lipid-insoluble materials
- glucose
- urea
- crystalloids
- electrolytes
-
very large, lipid-insoluble materials
- protein molecules
- antibiotics
- colloids
-
normal capillary pressure
17 mmHg
-
pressure of arterioles
25 mmHg
-
pressure of venules
10 mmHg
-
Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA)
opening between pulmonary artery and aorta that fails to close in newborn
-
How many types of DEA are there?
8
-
most common types of DEA
4&6
-
least common type of DEA
3
-
most reactive types DEA
1&2
-
blood types of the cat
- A (most common and dangerous)
- B (ideal donor)
- AB (universal recipient)
-
reasons to avoid transfusions
- risk of sensitization and subsequent severe reactions
- transfused RBCs have shortened life span
-
another name for epicardium
visceral pericardium
-
layers of the heart (closest to the heart, going outwards)
- heart
- endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium (visceral pericardium)
- pericardial space (potential space) *fluid*
- parietal pericardium (serous pericardium)
- fibrous parietal layer
-
why is blood typing of more clinical importance in cats than dogs?
existence of strong preformed isoantibodies
-
muscular part of the heart
myocardium
-
pacemaker of the heart
SA Node
the stimulus for contraction/contraction frequency of the atria and ventricles
-
prevents eversion of cusps into the atrium
chordae tendinae
-
LaPlaces Law
Pressure equals the tension developed in the ventricle wall from contraction of the cardiac muscle, divided by the sum of the two radii of curvature (in cm)
P= T/ R1 + R2
-
myocardial oxygen consumption under normal contraction in the heart
9 mL per min/100 grams
-
electrocardiogram
wave form recording obtained
-
electrocardiography
process for recording
-
waves on electrocardiogram commence from this common line
isoelectric line
-
possible cause of QRS complex increase
hypertrophy of ventricular muscle
-
amplitude of cardiogram measured inÂ
millivolts
interval between waves in milliseconds
-
possible cause of S-T segment depression
hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
-
highest point of arterial pressure obtained at:
peak of LV systole (contraction)
"Systolic BP"
-
lowest pressure in arteries occurs while:
LV is in diastole (relaxed)
"Diastolic BP"
-
veins alligator forceps travel through for caval syndrome
- R. external jugular vein
- R. brachiocephalic vein
- cranial vena cava
- R. auricle...
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