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Cells
the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane
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Generalized cell
Generalized cells are round or spherical in shape and perform basic life functions. Cheek cells are generalized cells. They are flat, basically round, and protect the inside lining of the mouth.
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nucleus
a dense central body in most cells containing the genetic material of the cell
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Nuclear envelope/ nuclear membrane
The double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The nuclear envelope has pores that allow the passage of materials into and out of the nucleus.
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nuclear pores
An octagonal opening where the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are continuous.
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nucleoli
any one of the small, dense structures composed largely of ribonucleic acid that are situated within the cytoplasm of cells. Nucleoli are essential in the formation of ribosomes that synthesize cell proteins.
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chromatin
A complex of nucleic acids and proteins in the cell nucleus that stains readily with basic dyes and condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
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chomosomes
barlike body of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division
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plasma membrane
membrane that encloses cell contents; outer limiting membrane
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microvilli
the tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells' increase surface area of absorbtion
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tight junctions
an intercellular junction at which adjacent plasma membranes are joined tightly together by interlinked rows of integral membrane proteins, limiting or eliminating the intercellular passage of molecules.
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desmosomes
tight intercellular junctions formed by apposed areas of thickened cell membrane; intermediate filaments of one cell link with those of an adjacent cell
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gap junction
regions of high and special ionic permeability between closely apposed cells. They are places at which cells exchange molecules of large size and provide an avenue by which developing cells can influence each other. Called also nexus.
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connexons
the functional unit of a gap junction; the hexagonal array of membrane-spanning proteins around a central channel that connects with its counterpart in an adjacent cell to form the intercellular pore of the gap junction.
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cytoplasm
the substance of a cell other than that of the nucleus
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cell junction
an epithelial cell is shown joined to adjacent cells by the three common types of cell junctions; tight, desmosomes, and gap.
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cytosol
The fluid component of cytoplasm, excluding organelles and the insoluble, usually suspended, cytoplasmic components.
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organelles
specialized structures in a cell that perform specific metabolic functions
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inclusions
a usually lifeless, often temporary, constituent in the cytoplasm of a cell.
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mitochondria
the rodlike cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation
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ribosomes
cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell
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rough ER
a small network, especially a protoplasmic network in cells.
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transport vesicles
is a protein which serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. Transport proteins are vital to the growth and life of all living things.
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smooth ER
a smooth network without the ribosomes.
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golgi apparatus
is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells
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secretory vesicles
the cellular process of elaborating and releasing a specific product; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance.
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lysosomes
organelles that originate from the golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes
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peroxisomes
any of the microbodies present in vertebrate animal cells, especially liver and kidney cells, which are rich in the enzymes peroxidase, catalase, d-amino acid oxidase, and, to a lesser extent, urate oxidase.
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free radicals
compounds with an unpaired electron, which makes them extremely reactive.
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cytoskeleton
a conspicuous internal reinforcement in the cytoplasm of a cell, consisting of tonofibrils, filaments of the terminal web, and other microfilaments
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intermediate filaments
a substance formed in a chemical process that is essential to formation of the end-product of the process.
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microfilaments
any of the submicroscopic filaments composed chiefly of actin, found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells, often with the microtubules.
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microtubules
Slender, elongated anatomical channels in worms
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centriole
a minute body found near the nucleus of the cell composed of microtubules; active in cell division
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cilia
tiny, hairlike projections on cell surfaces that move in a wave like manner
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flagella
long whiplike extensions of the cell membrane of some bacteria and sperm, serve to propel the cell
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solution
a homogenous mixture of two or more components
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solvent
the substance present in the largest amount in a solution; or dissolving medium
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solutes
the dissolved substance in a solution
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intracellular fluid
the portion of the total body water with its dissolved solutes which are within the cell membranes.
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interstitial fluid
fluid between the cells
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selective permeability
a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others
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passive transport
membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy ATP; eg., difusion, which is driven by kinetic energy.
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active transport
net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy.
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diffusion
the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement towards uniform distribution of particles
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concentration gradient
a difference in the concentration of a substance on two sides of a permeable barrier
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simple diffusion
the unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane (or any selectively permeable membrane)
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osmosis
the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one.
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facilitated diffusion
provides passage for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores
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filtration
the passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter
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pressure gradient
difference in hydrostatic (fluid) pressure that drives filtration
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active transport
net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy
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solute pumps
active transports that use ATP to energize its protein carriers
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vesicular transport
moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane
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exocytosis
the discharge from a cell of particles that are too large to diffuse through the wall; the opposite of endocytosis
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endocytosis
the uptake by a cell of material from the environment by invagination of its plasma membrane; it includes both phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
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phagocytosis
the ingestion of solid particles by cells
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pinocytosis
the engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
the main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules
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cell life cycle
the series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides.
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interphase
the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities
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cell division
during which the cell reproduces with itself
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mitosis
division of the nucleous
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cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm
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prophase
the first stage in cell reduplication in either meiosis or mitosis
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chromatid
either of two parallel, spiral filaments joined at the centromere which make up a chromosome.
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centromere
small button like body
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mitotic spindle
composed of microtubules
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metaphase
the second stage of cell division (mitosis or meiosis), in which the chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, are arranged in the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation.
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anaphase
the third stage of division of the nucleus in either meiosis or mitosis.
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telephase
the last of the four stages of mitosis and of the two divisions of meiosis, in which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the cytoplasm divides; in plants, the cell wall also forms.
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cleavage furrow
the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process cell division.
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gene
biological units of heredity located in chromatin; transmits hereditary information
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enzymes
a substance formed by living ells that act as catalyst in bodily chemical reactions
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RNA (ribonuleic acid)
the nucleic acid that contains ribose; acts in protein synthesis
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transfer RNA molecules
small cloverleaf-shaped molecules
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rRNA
helps form the ribosome, where proteins are built
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messenger RNA molecule (mRNA)
are long, single nucleotide strands that resemble half of a DNA molecule and carry the message containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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transcriptions
the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template catalyzed by RNA polymerase; the base sequences of the RNA and DNA are complementary.
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