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In what way should teachers introduce phonics elements to students?
- Systematic way, pre-set curriculum.
- 1.Clarify goal & purpose
- 2.Phonemic Awareness warm up
- 3.provide visuals to review pervious learned sound-spelling
- 4.provide direct instruction of sound-spelling
- 5.decodable text
- 6.Apply to other context
- 7. Write the words
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Behaviorist Theory - Nurture
There is nothing unique about language learning, ALL human behavior including language, has its basis in physical processes.
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B.F. Skimmer
Children learn language as parents selectively REWARD or PUNISH only those behaviors which they recognize as appropriate, grammatically correct. - Positive or negative feedback
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Reinforcement - Operant conditioning
Any event that strengthens or decreases the behavior.
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B.F. Skinner coined what term
Operant Conditioning
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According to Operant conditioning - Behaviorst Theory - Children are objects or agents of learning?
Objects - Learners are to whom things are done - we are teaching them vs. them trying to acquire knowledge (agents).
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Linguistic (Nature)
Children are biologically pre-wired to learn language. There is nothing you can do to change it.
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Noam Chomsky (1957) - What type of language
Nativist view of language
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Noam Chomsky argued....
Language is the product of an unlearned, biologically-based, internal mental structure. We are pre-programmed to learn.
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Innately Specified
Predetermined - we must be born with the knowledge.
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Who developed Cognitive Stage Theory
Jean Piaget
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What are the 4 stages of Jean Piaget's learning theory?
Sensory Moter, Formal Operational, peroperational, concreate operational
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Cognitive stage Theory
Is not fundamentally different from other human learning.
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Social Interaction theory
Children require interaction with a care-giver to develop language, including intention reading and pattern finding skills.
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Language Structure emerges from language use, is what theory?
Interventionist Theory
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Interactionist Theories believe that what is needed to learn language
Both social and enviromental
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Language development is influenced by a myriad of factors: ___________, ___________, _____________, these factors interact with one another, modify one another, and may produce different effects in different children.
Physical, linguistic, and social
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What plays a major role in Social interaction theory?
Enviroment
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Unlike behaviorsists who view children as passive, socail interactionsts believe that children are
active participants
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Like nativists, social interationsists believe language behavior and language learning are...
unique from other behavior and learning
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Children come to language acquistion with some innate predisposition to succeed, but the innate ability is of less importance than the social enviroment. Which theory is this?
Social Interaction Theory
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Lev Vygotsky believes
Stimuatlion should occur within the zone of proximal development. Scaffolding
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Who believes there is an emphasis on the role of the adult in the child's conceptual and linguistic development?
Vygotsky
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According to Vygotsky, can children learn from their piers?
Yes
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Dr. Halliday
Language acquisition as being heavily reliance on communicative interaction. Language evolves from its social function, and thus is a social invention.
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Bottom Up Theory Characteristics
Hierarchy of subskills, text-based, automaticity = Part to whole = Process that begins with perception and recognition of letters, then phonetic elements, then words, then word groups, sentence meaning and passage meaning.
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Bottom up instruction emphasizes
Letters, letter-sound relationships, and words. View accuracty in identifying words as important
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Top Down Characteristics
meaning Driven, process that begins with the reader's prior knowledge applied and compared to the material being read - Whole to part - Taught to read for reading.
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Interactive characterists
Combo of Bottom up and top down, readers use the information from one process to help the other. Letters, letter-sound relationship, words, sentences, paragraphs, and text selection,
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Whole-language - Goodman & Smith
Instuctional goals focus on intergrated strategy development in phonics and word analysis, comprehension, vocabulary, language, written expression, literature, and study skills.
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In whole language children are:
- Immersed in language
- Actively involved (from predicting to discussing)
- Using language and literacy for real-life purposes
- Encouraged to assume responsibility for tehir own learning (Self-selecting books, their time frame)
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Sight Word/Look-Day = Dolch
Students should be taught set of sight words - Text to read is based on sight words taught
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Linguistic - Bloomfield
- Stress regularities in English, Use of phonograms (phyming patterns) for instruction.
- Dr. Seuss
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Language Experience - Van Allen
- What I can think about, I can talk about.
- What I can say, I can write.
- What I can write, I can read.
- I can read what I can write and what other people can write for me to read.
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Universal Grammer is what?
An idea of innate, bilogical grammatical categories, such as a noun category and a verb category that facilitate the entire language development in children and overall language processing in adults. - Children know how to combine a noun and a ver into a meaningful correct phrase - A boy eats.
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Developmental stages of learning to read
- Awareness and xploration of reading state - Print awareness/pretend reading - PK
- Emergent Reading Stage - Identifying alphabet letters - PK-K
- Early Reading Stage - Beginning Reading - K-1
- Transitional Reading stage - 1-2
- Fluent reading stage - 3 or higher
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Give an example of Initial Stage of reading
Picture recognition - Logo
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What is the middle stage of reading developement
Phonics Decoding - Students learn that there are systematic ways in which letters and sounds go together.
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Final stage of reading development
Orhographic word recognition - automatically be able to visualize a word based on shape and letters.
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E.G. Frith (1985)
- Spelling and reading interact.
- Spelling and reading progress through three stages. 1)Logographic 2)Alphabetic 3)Orthographic
- Acquisition of strategies used in one domain drives another
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Frith's Logographic Stage
- Lit. dev. begins here
- aquires small sight vocab of written words
- visually based "yellow" look at "ll" then reads "follow" as "yellow" due to "ll" in middle of word
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Frith's Alphabetic Stage
- Same as Letter name stage
- Figure point out loud
- Read Aloud and shared reading
- Making a connection between letters and sounds.
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Frith's Orthographic Stage
Word recognition occurs by accessing stored internal representations of abstract letter-by-letter.
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Dr. Chall Reading Stages
- Stage 0-Pseudo Reading (Preschool)
- Stage 1 - Decoding (Ages 6-7)
- Stage 2 - Confirmation and fluency (Ages 7-8)
- Stage 3 - Reading for Learning the New (Ages 9-13)
- Stage 4 - Multiple Viewpoints (Ages 14-18)
- Stage 5 - Construction & Reconstruction (College)
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Fountas & Pinnell - Emergent Stage
- Grade K-1 (Levels A-C, DRA A-3)
- Begin to be aware that print carries a message
- Some sounds and names of alphabet letters
- Directional Movement (Left to Right)
- One to One Correspondence by finger pointing
- Locate some known words
- Picture clues
- Pattern and repetition of text
- Begin high frequency words
- Letter sounds (beginning & ending)
- Respond to text (linking meaning to self)
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Fountas & Pinnell - Early Developing Stage
- Grades K-1
- Have good control of early reading
- rely less on pictures
- build a core of high-frequency words
- read familiar text with some phrasing & fluency
- start to attend to puncuation
- Read using more than one source of info
- Begin to monitor own reading/self correct
- Phonetic clues to decode
- Begin discussions about what was read
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