-
list the components of the Circulatory System
-
Differentiate blood serum from plasma
Serum is lacking FIBRINOGEN(protein for blood clotting)
**is the fluid after blood clots
-
List the 3 blood plasma proteins
- 1. Fibrinogen
- 2. Albumin
- 3. Globulins
-
Define Viscosity
- resistance of a fluid to flow
- *thickness or stickiness
**whole blood is 4-5X more viscous than water due primarily to RBC's
-
Define Osmolarlity
Total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot poss through the vlood vessel wall
**regulated in blood by sodium ions,proteins, and RBC's
-
List the functions and main characteristics of ERYTHROCYTES
- **red blood cells
- 1. pick up oxygen
- 2. pick up carbon dioxide
- characteristics:
- most abundant
- critical to survival
- internal structures
- anaerobic fermentation
-
How many oxygen can Hemoglobin molecules carry?
4
-
What is the basic life cycle of the RBC
- * lives about 120 days
- **production takes about 3-5 days
- ** 4 stages
- Reduction in cell size(stem->erythroblast)
- Increase in cell #(erythroblast multiply)
- synthesis of hemoglobin
- loss of nucleus and organelles
- ***now becomes a reticulocyte as it leaves the bone marrow
- ****1-2 days in blood stream becomes mature
-
Define and differentiate between the different types of ANEMIA
**DEFICIENCY OF RBC'S
- 3 main categories
- 1. inadequate erythropoiesis or Hgb
- synthesis
- 2. hemorrhagic anemia from bleeding
- 3. Hemolytic anemia from RBC destruction
- ***can result form kidney failure, hormone from kidneys are needed for RBC production
- ****Nutritional anemia--iron-deficiency
- *****pernicious anemia-deficiency of B12
- *****Hypoplastic anemia-decline in RBC
- ******Aplastic anemia_complet stop of RBC
-
name the 5 types of WBC (white blood cells)
- Granulocytes
- 1. Neutrophils- bacterial infection
- 2. Eosinophils- parasitic infection
- 3. Basophils- chickenpox,sinusitis,diabetes
- Agranulocytes
- 4. Lymphocytes-immune infections
- 5. Monocytes- viral infections-largest
-
List the functions of platelets
- * secrete vasoconstrictors
- * can stick together to form platelet plugs
- * secrete clotting factors
- * initiate clot dissolving enzymes
- * secrete chemicals to attract wbc to sites
- of inflammation
- * internalize and destroy bacteria
- * secrete growth factors
-
List the 3 steps of HEMOSTASIS
- 1. Vascular spasm-constriction of broken
- blood vessels
- 2. Platelet Plug formation-reduces or stops
- bleeding
3. Coagulation-clotting of blood
-
List the components of the
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
-
List and define the 2 divisions of the
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and know their basic pathways
- 1. PULMONARY CIRCUIT-blood to lungs
- **right side receives blood
- **pumps into large artery
- **pulmonary truck-left/right pulm arteries
- **to lungs CO2 unloaded,O2 picked up
- **return to heart
- 2. SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT- blood to organs
- **oxygen rich blood (left side of heart)
- **leaves via aorta->aortic arch->
- **travels to thoracic & abdominal cavities
- **arteries -> organs in the body
- **returns to right side of heart
- via two large veins
- superior and inferior vena cava
-
Name the 4 chambers of the heart
- 1. 2 superior
- 1. right atria
- 2. left atria
- 2. 2 inferior
- 1. right ventricle
- 2. left ventricle
-
Name the 4 valves of the heart
- 1. Atrioventricular (AV)
- 1. right AV tricuspid
- 2. left AV bicuspid or mitral
- 2. Semilunar
- 1. Pulmonary valve(right ventricle to
- pulmonary trunk)
- 2. Aortic valve(left ventricle to aorta)
-
List the blood flow through the Chambers
- returns from body via superior & inferior vena cava
- ->right atrium
- ->right AV Valve
- ->right Ventricle --blood ejected
- ->pulmonary Valve
- ->pulmonary trunk(gas exchange lungs)
- ->pumonary veins (empties into )
- ->left atruim
- ->left AV valve
- -> left Ventricle
- ->ejects blood to aortic valve
- ->then through the body
-
List the characteristics of CARDIOCYTES
(cardiac muscle)
- * Short , thick
- * one Nucleoulus
- * striated
- * involuntary (auto rhythmic)
- *Fibrous
-
Define the conduction system and process of it
coordinates the heartbeat
- *process
- SA node fires-initiates each beat (start)
- Right Atruim
- AV node fires- After beat
- heart tissue
-
List the different types if CARDIAC RYTHUMS
1. sinus--normal-triggered by SA node
- 2. ectopic focus--any region spontaneous
- firing NOT caused by SA node
- (when it should not be)
- 3. nodal-- Spontaneous firing from the
- AV node (bradycardia 40-50 beats)
- (most common ectopic focus)
-
Define Pressure and resistance
**pressure--causes fluid to move
**resistance--opposes flow of fluid
-
List the phases of the cardiac cycle and what happens in each
- 1. VENTRICULAR FILLING--expand open
- and filling
- 2. ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION--
- atria repolarize and relax,
- ventricles depolarize
- 3. VENTRICULAR EJECTION--
- ejecting blood out, semilunar
- valves open
- 4. ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION--
- ventricular diastole (relaxing)
-
Define CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute
-
Define CARDIAC RESERVE
Difference between the max and resting cardiac output
-
List and define the 3 variables in
STROKE VOLUME
- 1. PRELOAD -- amount of tension BEFORE
- it contracts
2. CONTRACTILITY-- how HARD it contracts
- 3. AFTER LOAD-- blood pressure in aorta &
- pulmonary trunk immediately
- distal to the semilunar
- valves
-
What are the 3 categories of blood vessels?
1. ARTERIES-carry blood away from heart
2. VEINS- carry blood back to the heart
- 3. CAPILLARIES- connect the smallest
- arteries to the smallest veins
-
List the 3 tunics of the vessel wall and function of each
- 1. TUNICA INTERNA--lines blood vessels & is
- exposed to blood
- repels RBC & platelets from
- adhering
- 2. TUNICA MEDIA --consists primarily of
- smooth muscle
- vasomotion=chg in diameter of
- vessels
- 3. TUNICA EXTERNA--loose connective tissue
- anchors blood vessels
-
List the 3 classes of ARTERIES
KNOW order of size
- 1. CONDUCTING -- large elastic
- ex:aorta,pulm trunk
- 2. DISTRIBUTING -- medium,muscular
- ex: brachial, femoral
3. RESISTANCE -- small
-
List the 3 types of ARTERIAL SENSE ORGANS and their functions
- 1. CAROTID SINUSES--baroreceptors
- (pressure sensors) in walls of carotid
- artery
- 2. CAROTID BODIES--chemoreceptors
- (chemical sensors) in branches of
- internal carotid artery
- 3. AORTIC BODIES--same function as carotid
- bodies, on wall of aortic arch
-
List the 3 types of CAPILLARIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
ORDER OF SIZE
- 1. CONTINUOUS-everywhere , most tissue,
- passage of small solutes
- 2. FENESTRATED- organs that need rapid
- absorption, small solutes
- ex. kidneys,small intestines
- 3. SINUSOIDS- allows for passages of large
- solutes, found in liver,bone marrow
- spleen
-
List the 5 types of VEINS.
IN ORDER OF SIZE
1. POSTCAPILLARY VENULES--smallest
2. MUSCULAR VENULES--
3. MEDIUM VEINS
4. VENOUS SINUSES
5. LARGE VEINS
-
Define the portal system
blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart.
-
Define ANASTOMOSIS
point where two blood vessels meet
-
Define ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSIS
(shunt) where blood flows directly from an artery to a vein and bypasses the capillaries
-
Define BLOOD PRESSURE
how it is measured and recorded
** the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall
- **measure by --systolic--ventricular contract
- --diastolic--Ventricular relax
**recorded by--systolic/diastolic
-
Define SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC
SYSTOLIC--peak arterial pressure attained during ventricular contraction
DIASTOLIC--minimal arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation
-
Define PULSE PRESSURE
difference between systolic and diastolic
**measure of stress exerted on small arteries by pressure surges generated by the heart**
-
Define MAP (MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE)
it is the average of the blood pressure of serveral measurements during the cardiac cycle
-
Define PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
Opposition to flow that the blood encounters in vessels away from the heart
-
What are the 3 variables affecting peripheral resistance?
- 1. Viscosity--decreased ->speeds up flow
- increased ->slows flow
- 2. Vessel length longer->slower
- shorter->faster
- 3. vessel radius--larger ->faster
- small ->slower
- **most powerful influence over flow
-
Define AUTOREGULATION
the ability of tissue to regulate their own blood supply
-
Define ANGIOGENESIS
growth of new blood vessels
-
Define CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
LIST the 3 main routes
- two way movement of fluid across capillary walls
- **most important blood in the body is in the
- capillaries
- 1. endothelial cell cytoplasm
- 2. intercellular cleft
- 3. filtration pores
-
Define EDEMA
LIST 3 main causes
accumulation of excess fluid
- 1. increase capillary filtration
- 2. reduced capillary reabsorption
- 3. obstructed lump drainage
-
List the mechanisms for venous return
- 1. pressure gradient--B/P most important
- 2. gravity --drains from head and neck
- 3. skeletal muscle pump-limbs contract,squeez
- 4. thoracic pump-inhalation force upward
- 5. cardiac suction-expanding of atrial space
-
Define CIRCULATORY SHOCK
Any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs
-
What are the two categories of
CIRCULATORY SHOCK
- 1. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK--heart pump problem
- ex heart attach, MI
- 2. LVR- low venous return--not enough blood
- returning to the heart
- ex hypovolemic shock (most common)
-
List the major branches of the aorta and where on the body they supply
- 1. ASCENDING AORTA--right & left coronary
- arteries supply heart
- 2. AORTIC ARCH--brachiocephalic
- right common- right head
- right subclavian-shoulder,upper limb
- left common- left head
- left subclavian- shoulder ,upper limb
- 3. DESCENDING AORTA-
- thoracic aorta above diaphragm
- abdominal aorta below diaphragm
-
list the major arteries and veins of the head ,neck, thorax, and upper limbs
- 1. arteries of the head and neck--
- carotid divides into internal & external
- 2. veins of the head and neck--
- internal->brain (jugular receives)
- external->external head(jugular drain)
- upper limb-> drained by subclavian vein
- 3. arteries of the thorax-
- supplies viscera & body
- Bronchial
- Esophageal
- Mediastina Branches
- Posterior intercostal
- Phrenic Arteries
- 4. Arteries of Upper limb
- subclavian
- axillary
- brachial
- radial
- ulnar
|
|