biol182 exam 3 ch 18 19 20

• blood
• vessels
• heart

Serum is lacking FIBRINOGEN(protein for blood clotting)

**is the fluid after blood clots

• 1. Fibrinogen
• 2. Albumin
• 3. Globulins

• resistance of a fluid to flow
• *thickness or stickiness

**whole blood is 4-5X more viscous than water due primarily to RBC's

Total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot poss through the vlood vessel wall

**regulated in blood by sodium ions,proteins, and RBC's

• **red blood cells
•     1. pick up oxygen
•     2. pick up carbon dioxide

• characteristics:
•    most abundant
•    critical to survival
•    internal structures
•    anaerobic fermentation

4

• * lives about 120 days
• **production takes about 3-5 days
• ** 4 stages
•     Reduction in cell size(stem->erythroblast)
•     Increase in cell #(erythroblast multiply)
•     synthesis of hemoglobin
•     loss of nucleus and organelles
• ***now becomes a reticulocyte as it leaves the bone marrow
• ****1-2 days in blood stream becomes mature

**DEFICIENCY OF RBC'S

• 3 main categories
•    1. inadequate erythropoiesis or Hgb
•        synthesis
•    2.  hemorrhagic anemia from bleeding
•    3.  Hemolytic anemia from RBC destruction

•   ***can result form kidney failure, hormone from kidneys are needed for RBC production
• ****Nutritional anemia--iron-deficiency
• *****pernicious anemia-deficiency of B12
• *****Hypoplastic anemia-decline in RBC
• ******Aplastic anemia_complet stop of RBC

• Granulocytes
•   1. Neutrophils- bacterial infection
•   2. Eosinophils- parasitic infection
•   3. Basophils- chickenpox,sinusitis,diabetes

• Agranulocytes
•   4. Lymphocytes-immune infections
•   5. Monocytes- viral infections-largest

• * secrete vasoconstrictors
• * can stick together to form platelet plugs
• * secrete clotting factors
• * initiate clot dissolving enzymes
• * secrete chemicals to attract wbc to sites
•    of inflammation
• * internalize and destroy bacteria
• * secrete growth factors

• 1. Vascular spasm-constriction of broken
•               blood vessels

• 2. Platelet Plug formation-reduces or stops
•               bleeding

3.  Coagulation-clotting of blood

• HEART
• VESSELS

**no blood**

• 1. PULMONARY CIRCUIT-blood to lungs
•     **right side receives blood
•     **pumps into large artery
•     **pulmonary truck-left/right pulm arteries
•     **to lungs CO2 unloaded,O2 picked up
•     **return to heart
• 2. SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT- blood to organs
•    **oxygen rich blood (left side of heart)
•    **leaves via aorta->aortic arch->
•    **travels to thoracic & abdominal cavities
•   **arteries -> organs in the body
•   **returns to right side of heart
•       via two large veins
•       superior and inferior vena cava

• 1. 2 superior
•     1. right atria
•     2. left atria

• 2. 2 inferior
•     1.  right ventricle
•     2.  left ventricle

• 1.  Atrioventricular (AV)
•     1.  right AV  tricuspid
•     2.  left AV  bicuspid or mitral

• 2.  Semilunar
•     1.  Pulmonary valve(right ventricle to
•          pulmonary trunk)
•     2.  Aortic valve(left ventricle to aorta)

• returns from body via superior & inferior vena cava
• ->right atrium
• ->right AV Valve
• ->right Ventricle --blood ejected
• ->pulmonary Valve
• ->pulmonary trunk(gas exchange lungs)
• ->pumonary veins (empties into )
• ->left atruim
• ->left AV valve
• -> left Ventricle
• ->ejects blood to aortic valve
• ->then through the body

• * Short , thick
• * one Nucleoulus
• * striated
• * involuntary (auto rhythmic)
• *Fibrous

coordinates the heartbeat

• *process
• SA node fires-initiates each beat (start)
• Right Atruim
• AV node fires- After beat
• heart tissue

1. sinus--normal-triggered by SA node

• 2. ectopic focus--any region spontaneous
•             firing NOT caused by SA node
•             (when it should not be)

• 3. nodal-- Spontaneous firing from the
•             AV node (bradycardia 40-50 beats)
•             (most common ectopic focus)

**pressure--causes fluid to move

**resistance--opposes flow of fluid

• 1. VENTRICULAR FILLING--expand open
•                    and filling

• 2. ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION--
•                  atria repolarize and relax,
•                  ventricles depolarize

• 3. VENTRICULAR EJECTION--
•                  ejecting blood out, semilunar
•                  valves open

• 4.  ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION--
•                   ventricular diastole (relaxing)

amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute

Difference between the max and resting cardiac output

• 1.  PRELOAD -- amount of tension BEFORE
•                       it contracts

2.  CONTRACTILITY-- how HARD it contracts

• 3.  AFTER LOAD-- blood pressure in aorta &
•                       pulmonary trunk immediately
•                       distal to the semilunar
•                       valves

1.  ARTERIES-carry blood away from heart

2. VEINS- carry blood back to the heart

• 3. CAPILLARIES- connect the smallest
•                   arteries to the smallest veins

• 1.  TUNICA INTERNA--lines blood vessels & is
•                  exposed to blood
•                  repels RBC & platelets from
•                  adhering

• 2.  TUNICA MEDIA --consists primarily of
•                  smooth muscle
•                  vasomotion=chg in diameter of
•                  vessels

• 3. TUNICA EXTERNA--loose connective tissue
•                 anchors blood vessels

• 1. CONDUCTING  -- large elastic
•           ex:aorta,pulm trunk

• 2. DISTRIBUTING -- medium,muscular
•          ex: brachial, femoral

3. RESISTANCE -- small

• 1. CAROTID SINUSES--baroreceptors
•         (pressure sensors) in walls of carotid
•         artery

• 2. CAROTID BODIES--chemoreceptors
•         (chemical sensors) in branches of
•         internal carotid artery

• 3. AORTIC BODIES--same function as carotid
•         bodies, on wall of aortic arch

• 1. CONTINUOUS-everywhere , most tissue,
•          passage of small solutes

• 2. FENESTRATED- organs that need rapid
•            absorption, small solutes
•            ex. kidneys,small intestines

• 3. SINUSOIDS- allows for passages of large
•            solutes, found in liver,bone marrow
•            spleen

1. POSTCAPILLARY VENULES--smallest

2. MUSCULAR VENULES--

3. MEDIUM VEINS

4. VENOUS SINUSES

5. LARGE VEINS

blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart.

point where two blood vessels meet

(shunt) where blood flows directly from an artery to a vein and bypasses the capillaries

** the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall

• **measure by --systolic--ventricular contract
•                     --diastolic--Ventricular relax

**recorded by--systolic/diastolic

SYSTOLIC--peak arterial pressure attained during ventricular contraction

DIASTOLIC--minimal arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation

difference between systolic and diastolic

**measure of stress exerted on small arteries by pressure surges generated by the heart**

it is the average of the blood pressure of serveral measurements during the cardiac cycle

Opposition to flow that the blood encounters in vessels away from the heart

• 1. Viscosity--decreased ->speeds up flow
•                   increased ->slows flow

• 2. Vessel length longer->slower
•                        shorter->faster

• 3. vessel radius--larger ->faster
•                         small ->slower
•      **most powerful influence over flow

the ability of tissue to regulate their own blood supply

growth of new blood vessels

• two way movement of fluid across capillary walls
• **most important blood in the body is in the
•    capillaries

• 1. endothelial cell cytoplasm
• 2. intercellular cleft
• 3. filtration pores

accumulation of excess fluid

• 1. increase capillary filtration
• 2. reduced capillary reabsorption
• 3. obstructed lump drainage

• 1. pressure gradient--B/P most important
• 2. gravity --drains from head and neck
• 3. skeletal muscle pump-limbs contract,squeez
• 4. thoracic pump-inhalation force upward
• 5. cardiac suction-expanding of atrial space

Any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs

• 1. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK--heart pump problem
•            ex heart attach, MI

• 2. LVR- low venous return--not enough blood
•            returning to the heart
•            ex hypovolemic shock (most common)

• 1. ASCENDING AORTA--right & left coronary
•            arteries supply heart

• 2. AORTIC ARCH--brachiocephalic
•            right common- right head
•            right subclavian-shoulder,upper limb
•            left common- left head
•            left subclavian- shoulder ,upper limb

• 3. DESCENDING AORTA-
•            thoracic aorta above diaphragm
•            abdominal aorta below diaphragm

• 1. arteries of the head and neck--
•       carotid divides into internal & external
• 2. veins of the head and neck--
•       internal->brain (jugular receives)
•       external->external head(jugular drain)
•       upper limb-> drained by subclavian vein

• 3. arteries of the thorax-
•         supplies viscera & body
•         Bronchial
•         Esophageal
•         Mediastina Branches
•            Posterior intercostal
•            Phrenic Arteries

• 4. Arteries of Upper limb
•         subclavian
•         axillary
•         brachial
•         radial
•         ulnar