Biology Exam REVIEW

• 1. structure
• 2. reproduction
• 3. genetic code
• 4. growth and development
• 5. obtain and use energy
• 6. respond to environment
• 7. change over time

Eu: uni/multicellular, true nucleus, membrane bound organelles, plants and animal cell

Pro: Unicellular, lack membrane, bacteria

• viruses:
• can only reproduce by infecting cells
• no cytoplasm
• no internal metabolism
• use machinery to infect and move around

• Living:
• reproduce asexually or sexually

• Capsid
• proteins
• genetic information (DNA/RNA)

• tobacco mosaic virus
• adenovirus
• influenza virus
• T4 Bacteriophage Virus

• 1. cell membrane
• 2. Cell wall
• 3. Mitochondria
• 4. Ribosome
• 5. Golgi Apparatus
• 6. Vacuoles
• 7. Nucleus
• 8. Chloroplast
• 9. Lysosome
• 10. Centrioles
• 11. Nucleolus

• Lytic:
• Virus goes in
• places DNA in cell
• More Viruses form in cell
• they break free by tearing the cell apart

• Lysogenic:
• Virus goes in
• places DNA in cell
• The cell divides with the genetic code
• Virus usually stays dormant until it feels the need to break free, which sometimes turns into a lytic

• membrane
• nucleus
• cytoplasm

Epithelial: tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs

Vascular: type of plant tissue specialized to conduct water

connective tissue: tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together

Cilia: helps movement in many cells (mesle pashm mimoone)

Flagella: Helps movement in cells like sperm or bacteria

Stomata: porelike openings in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse into an out of the leaf

Guard Cells: control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure

brings water and nutrients

• Phloem: goes down
• Xylem: goes up

• double helix
• made up of deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
• A, T, C, G
• Purine: A and G ( Pure as Gold)
• Pyrimidine's: C and T (Cut the pie(pyrimidine))

copies the genetic material and carries it to a ribosome for making a DNA copy on the backwards side

enzymes have a preferred catalase temperature, where as if it gets too hot it'll get denatured for it shall not return to its former state again.

• enzyme
• hormones
• transport proteins such as hemoglobin
• contractile proteins such as in muscle tissue
• antibodies
• membrane proteins
• structural proteins like bones and muscles

• through digestion processes
• ex. saliva, or stomach acids

• not limited to liquids
• passive transport
• requires no energy
• from high-> low concentration

• Tries to get homeostasis
• passive
• requires no energy
• high->low

• Passive:
• no energy
• High->Low concentration
•      types of passive:
•             * osmosis 
•             * Diffusion/Facilitated diffusion

• Active:
• requires energy
• ATP
• Low-> High concentration
•       Types of Active:
•               * Active Transport

• Hypertonic: more solute than Solvent
• Hypotonic: more solvent than solute
• Isotonic: Equal solvent and solute

• Solvent: osmosis
• Solute: Active, Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion

• 6CO₂+ 6H₂O -light--> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
• Carbon and water ---------> sugar and oxygen

• 6CO₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ -----> 6CO₂+ 6H₂O + Energy
• oxygen and sugar ---> carbon dioxide, water and energy

alcohol and Lactic acid

Alcohol applies to Bacteria and Lactic Acid applies to humans

• The Granum absorbs water and light and converts it into energy and oxygen 
• The broken H⁺ is given to NADP and ADP making it into NADPH and ATP
• then it goes to the Calvin Cycle (in the stroma) where it takes CO₂ , NADPH and ATP and spins 6 times, to produce 1 molecule of sugar.

 chlorophyll is inside the chloroplast

• Glycolysis:
• glucose gets broken down into Pyruvic acids
• 2 ATPs are formed

• IF OXYGEN IS NOT PRESENT:
• regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue
• Equation:
• Lactic acid:
• Pyruvic acid + NADH ----> Lactic acid + NAD⁺
• Alcohol:
• Pyruvic acid + NADH ---> alcohol+ CO₂₊NAD⁺
• If Oxygen is Present:
• KREBS CYCLE:

The Pyruvic Acids go to the Krebs Cycle where the carbon comes off, giving and H to an NAD and turning the C into CO2

The 2 Carbon atoms are called Acetyl Co-A 

Then the Acetyl-CoA joins a 4 carbon compound making it Citric Acid.

The citric acid then loses one carbon, (again charging one NAD with an H) creating a 5 carbon atom

Then the 5 carbon atom loses one carbon, again charging an NAD with H, creating more CO2 and forming an ATP, and a 4 carbon compound that repeats itself turning into citric acid when combined with Acetyl-CoA

• 2 ATPs created
• Electron Transport Chain:

The NADH that has been charged comes and drops the H⁺ ions off where the ATP synthase shoots them out creating ATP

• Total you have: 36 ATPs created

joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

• 
• G1- cell growth
• S- cell DNA replicates
• G2- Prepares for mitosis
• M- Cell Division

23

smoking, UV exposure, genetics

Haploid: Sperm and egg, contain 23 chromosomes each and they make a

Diploid- which contains 46 chromosomes

• Carb:
• Sugar
• CHO 1:2:1 ratio

• Lipids:
• Fats/ oils
• (saturated- solid, Unsaturated- liquid)
• the saturated is full out straight
• and the unsaturated has a bend on the end of the fatty acid chain, because it has a double carbon bond.

• Proteins: CHON
• amino acids

• Nucleic Acids: CHONP
• DNA and RNA

• Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen
• (CHON)