Biology 172 FINAL EXAM: Muscular Systems

each muscle fiber is a long multinucleated cell
3. exhibits distinct striations
4. requires direct nervous stimulation to initiate contraction
5. often called voluntary muscle
6. provides rapid, powerful contractions, but susceptible to fatigue

1. found in the walls of the hollow organs of the body (e.g., intestines)
2. composed of individual spindle-shaped ells
3. exhibit peristalsis (= rhythmic contractions)
4. contraction response is slow, but exhibits high endurance
5. contraction response is involuntary

1. found only in vertebrate hearts
2. composed of individual striated branched cells that form a network
3. self-contractile (involuntary)
4. exhibits both strength and endurance

1. each muscle fiber (= muscle cell) composed of many ____A___)
2. each ____A___ composed of many ___B___ (= the individual units of muscle contraction) stacked end on end

consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates

= the point of contact between motor neuron and a muscle fiber

____ ATP consumed for each "click" of a myosin head during contraction

for each glucose consumed by aerobic respiration _____ ATP's are generated

final products of glucose catabolism =

only two ATP's generated for each glucose consumed

_____ imbalance can lead to muscle cramping

______ stored as glycogen in muscle and liver tissue

1) = quick, jerky response to a single stimulus (single action potential)
2) really observed only in lab studies involving a preparation of a muscle tissue

1) occurs when a second stimulus is applied before the first twitch has completely relaxed
2) effect is additive: the contraction of the second adds to the contraction response of the first

1) a sustained contraction response in a muscle preparation
2) result when the frequency of stimuli come often enough to result in maximal summation

1) slow contraction speed
2) slow myosin ATPase activity
3) use aerobic respiration for ATP
4) slow rate of fatigue
5) small diameter fiber
6) many mitochondria
7) many capillaries
8) high myoglobin content
9) color: red

1) fast contraction speed
2) fast myosin ATPase activity
3) use aerobic respiration for ATP
4) intermediate rate of fatigue
5) intermediate diameter fiber
6) many mitochondria
7) many capillaries
8) high myoglobin content
9) color: red to pink

1) fast contraction speed
2) fast myosin ATPase activity
3) use glycolysis for ATP
4) fast rate of fatigue
5) large diameter fiber
6) few mitochondria
7) few capillaries
8) low myoglobin content
9) color: white