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segregation of students by race ruled unconstitutional

ability grouping or "tracking" of students on the basis of nationally normed tests, which were found to be biased, held to be unconstitutional. Equal protection clause of the 14th ammendment violated.

Linguistically different students must be tested in their primary language as well as Englihs. STudents cannot be placed in sped classes on the basis of IQ tests that are culturally biased. Group adminstered IQ tests cannot be used to place children in programs for individuals with mr.

state must guarantee a fape to all children with mr ages 6-21 regardless of degree of impairment or associated disabilities. Most integrated environment. rights of parents to participate in educational decisisions. state to engage in extensive efforts to locate and serve all students with mr.

extended penn decision to include all children with disabilities. established the constitutional right of children with exceptionalities to a pub ed regardless of functional level. right to "constructive education" matched to needs. parental notice of pending initial eval, reassignment, or planned termination of services

court instructed school officials to develop an assessment process that would not discriminate against minority children (african americans).

Individuals with mr residing in a state institution have a right to appropriate treatment. state mandated to ensure a therapeutic environment for residential population.

expulsion of pupil with disabilities for discriminatory reasons without due process was disallowed

state's refusal to pay for schooling in excess of 180 days for pupils with severe disabilities is a violation of their rights to an appropriate education as required by PL 94-142. Some children will regress during summer if not provided extended school year services

US supreme court held that catheterization qualified as a related service. was not considered an exempted medical procedure (not done by doctor), court stipulated that only those services that allow a student to benefit from a spec ed qualify as a related services

First US supreme court interpretation of 94-142; court addressed what constitutes as appropriate ed for student with hearing impairments; ruled that appropriate does not necessarily mean education will allow for maximum possible achievement rather, students must be given reasonable opportunity to learn

us supreme court ruled that parents cannot be reimbursed for legal expenses under pl 94 142; court stipulated that claims cannot be filed simultaneously under 94 142 and 504, when available IDEA is to be the exclusive avenue

children with special needs whose behavior is a direct result of their disability cannot be expelled from school for misbehavior

class placement case; court established two prong test for determining compliance with LRE mandate; first, it must be determined if a student can make satisfactory progress and achieve benefit in gen ed class. second, it must be determined whether the pupil has been integrated to the max extent appropriate

Reaffirmation of the principle of zero-reject education; fape regardless of severity of disability; pupil need not demonstrate an ability to benefit from sped; education defined broadly to include instruction in functional skills

absence of meaningful growth seen as evidence of an innapropriate IEP and thus failure to provide approp. ed. court ruled that because of failure to comply with IDEA, students parents were eligible to receive reimbursement for unilaterally enrolling daughter in nonaccredited private residential school as long as the school was providing an appropriate ed

placement in gen ed classroom with supplementary services and aides must be offered to a student with disabilities prior to considering more segregrated placements. Pupil cannot be segregated from gen ed because curriculum, services, and other practices require modification. decision to exclude a learner from gen ed necessitates justification and documentation

US supreme court reversed long standing ruling banning the delivery of pulicly funded ed services to students enrolled in private schools

supreme court expanded and clarified the concept of related services. affirmed that intensive and continuous school health care services necessary for a student to attend school, if not performed by a physician, qualify as related services

supreme court ruling addressing the issue of whether the parents or school district bears the burden of proof in a due process hearing; who must prove that IEP is appropriate? ; court ruled that the burden of proof is placed upon party seeking relief

introduced the idea that persons who were deaf could be taught to communicate; developed an early form of sign language

french physician concerned w humanitarian treatment of indiv w mental illness; advocating releasing patients from chains; pioneered field of OT; Itards mentor

french doc who tried to educate an adolescent thought to be severely mr; recognized importance of sensory stimulation

taught children w hearing imp to communicate through a system of manual signs and symbols; first institution

An American phys and educator taught individuals with VI and HI; founded first residential facility for blind; inaugurated institutional care for mr children

one of the first Americans to champion better and more humane treatment of mentally ill; instigated est of several instit for individuals with mental disorders

french educator, blind, developed tactile system of reading and writing for people who were blind

french physician developed teaching methods for children with mr; emphasized sensorimotor activities; helped found an organization that was the forerunner of the am assoc on mr

scientist concerned with individual differences; believed genius is result of heredity

french phsyc constructed first standardized developmental assessment scale capable of quantifying intelligence; originated concept of mental age

worked with young children with mr; first female med degree in Italy; early childhood ed; believed children best learn by direct sensory experience

american educator and physc; revised Binets assessment instrument; developled notion of IQ; lifelong study of gifted; grandfather of gifted education

*Advantages:
means for funding and administerin programs
allows professionals to communicate effectively
establishes eligibility
*Disadvantages
stigmatizing, leads to stereotyping
low self esteem, low expectations
focuses on limitations rather than abilities

education program is constructed around student needs and common instructional requirements instead of categories of exceptionalities

strategy to reduce unwarranted referrals while providing individualized assistance to the student without the benefit of a sped

this PL stipulates that each student with disabilities receives transition services; based upon child's needs; includes instruction on daily living skills; designed with results-oriented process

PL states swd can be removed up to 45 days after due process hearing for weapons/drugs/pose serious threat; less serious offenses can be disciplined as gen ed; IEP must state how student will be involved and progressed in gen ed; transition at 14; gen ed in IEP team; additional services for visually impaired; DD used for 3-9; initial evals no longer restricted to formal standardized tests; may not qualify only due to limited English proficiency

this PL replaced the term "children" with "individuals" and "handicapped" to "with disabilities"; people-first perspective; mandated transition services for 16 up; expanded scope of related services; included TBI and autism in categories; congress repealed states' immunity from lawsuits for violating IDEA

mandated sped services for preschoolers aged 3-5; all preschoolers are to receive fape; states could lose significant funding if noncompliant; Title I created Handicapped Infants and Toddlers program aimed at birth to 2 (not mandated but all states have something in place.

forbids discrimination against persons with disabilities in both public and private sectors; any person with an impairment that substantially limits a major life activity is covered by this legislation (AIDS, substance abuse, cosmetic disfigurements); extends protections and guarantess civil right in such diverse arenas as private sector employment, transportation, telecommunications, public and privately owned accommodations, and the services of local and state govs

What are the 9 major components of an IEP?