Biology 172 Quiz 13: Osmoregulation and Excretion

Why is the respiratory system of a bird more efficient than the human respiratory system? 
A. A bird lung contains multiple alveoli, which increases the amount of surface area available for gas exchange. 
B. The flow-through anatomy of the bird respiratory system does not mix exhaled air with inhaled air. 
C. The human respiratory system ends in small parabronchi, which reduce the amount of surface area available for gas exchange.
D. The internal spaces of the human respiratory system does not provide much surface area for gas exchange.
E. The bird respiratory system consists of a counter-current arrangement of airflow and blood across and through its gill filaments. 

Which type of epithelial tissues form the lining of the air sacs of the lungs where gas exchange takes place? 
A. cuboidal
B. simple squamous 
C. stratified squamous 
D. adipose
E. simple columnar 

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in 
A. pH 
B. the partial pressure of carbon monoxide 
C. hemoglobin concentration
D. temperature
E. the partial pressure of oxygen 

How is most carbon dioxide carried by the blood? 
A. as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) 
B. attached to hemoglobin 
C. dissolved carbon dioxide in the plasma
D. dissolved carbon dioxide in red blood cells 
E. as carbon monoxide

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize 
A. active transport 
B. endocytosis
C. diffusion 
D. blood pressure
E. osmosis 

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because 
A. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume 
B. pressure in the alveoli increases 
C. gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure 
D. pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs
E. a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes

A respiratory adaptation of marine mammals that allows them to dive deeply for extended periods of time is 
A. abundant myoglobin in blood plasma
B. low tolerance for carbon dioxide build up in the tissues
C. breathing through gills 
D. increasing the heart rate 
E. allowing the lungs to collapse 

A marine bony fish 
A. accumulates urea 
B. is an osmoconformer 
C. actively absorbs salts
D. avoids drinking water 
E. excretes a hypertonic urine

Birds and reptiles excrete ______ as their principal excretory waste. 
A. guanine
B. urea 
C. ammonia
D. amino acids 
E. uric acid 

The structure that creates a solute concentration gradient within the renal pyramid of the human kidney is the 
A. proximal convoluted tubule 
B. loop of Henle 
C. collecting duct
D. renal cortex
E. distal convoluted tubule 

What substance is secreted by the proximal-tubule cells of the human nephron and prevents the pH of urine from becoming too acidic? 
A. salt 
B. bicarbonate 
C. ammonia 
D. glucose
E. HCl

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentrates the urine by 
A. increasing the permeability of the collecting duct walls to water 
B. raising the body temperature leading to evaporative water loss 
C. stimulating the secretion of urea by the glomerulus
D. inhibiting sodium reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule 
E. turning the loop of Henle into a countercurrent multiplier

In the mammalian kidney, a hyperosmotic urine is produced 
A. all of these
B. because the walls of the collecting ducts become permeable to water 
C. as a consequence of a concentration gradient established within the renal pyramids
D. after osmoregulatory cells in the hypothalamus release a hormone in response to a high blood osmolarity 
E. when antidiuretic hormone is discharged into the blood stream 

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely 
A. marine 
B. found in freshwater streams
C. terrestrial
D. amphibious 
E. found in freshwater lakes 

The juxtaglomerular apparatus 
A. all of these
B. causes copious hypoosmotic urine production when stimulated 
C. is stimulated by a decrease in blood pressure or blood volume 
D. is located in the renal pelvis
E. secretes the hormone aldosterone