history semester exam packet one (part 1)

allowed businesses to operate under minimal government regulations

grant by the federal government giving an inventor exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention

• Horizontal and vertical integration created monopolies
• created jobs and used new tech.
• eliminated small business
• ignored poor working conditions
• Government had to regulate railroads

• Father of railroad industry
• got started in the steamboat industry

complete control of a product or service

oil tycoon, made deals with railroads to increase his profits

system of consolidating many firms in the same business

companies assign their stock to a board of trustees who combine them in to a new organization

steel tycoon

gaining control of the supplier of a businesses product

name given to big businessmen who bought or squeezed  our their competition

name given to big businessmen by those who believed they helped the economy by providing jobs

wealth is a measure of one's value and those who had it were the most "fit"

created by US senate to oversee railroad operation first federal body set up to monitor American business operations

• outlawed any trust that operated "in restraint of trade or commerce among the states."
• also used to regulate business like ICC

• argued that monopolies gave unfair advantages and eliminated small businesses
• some said they create jobs, new technologies, and created universities
• also cited social Darwinism

an economic and political philosophy that favors public, instead of private, control of property and income

• labor union founded in 1869 by Uriah Stephens 
• Secret society that actively recruited African Americans and was devoted to social reforms such as replacing capitalism with workers' coops

• union for specific craft workers founded by Samuel Gompers 
• Focused on specific workers' issues such as wages,working hours, and working conditions

resulted when fights broke out between police and protesters at a national demonstration for 8 hour workday in Chicago

• took place when Carnegie Steel plant cut workers' wages
• one of many strikes that occurred as economic depression spread across America

• led by Debs in response to George Pullman's cutting wages and charging high rent in the company town where workers were required to live
• President Cleveland sent troops to stop strike and Courts declared the government had the right to intervene and end the strike

• whole family worked to survive
• accidents and illnesses were common and meant a loss of wages for the family

• Knights of Labor- wanted broad social reform, recruited a broad range of people
• AFL- wanted to improve working conditions and wages

• organized to protest poor working conditions and wages
• led to riots and disruption of services
• labor unions were soon associated with violence

• southern and eastern Europeans who began coming to America in increasing number in the 1870's
• often unskilled, poor, and either Catholic or Jewish

• where immigrants were "processed" to decide who could stay in the US (In New York)
• largest immigration station in the US

where immigrants arriving in San Francisco wer "processed"

programs designed to help immigrants learn English and adopt american dress and diet

belief that native-born white americans were superior to newcomers

• prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers
• limited the civil rights of Chinese immigrants already in the US
• outlawed nationalization of Chinese residents

• Push: farmers forced off their land, wars and political turmoil, and religious persecution
• Pull: great expanses of land, plenty of work, family and friends already established here. religious and political freedon

• medical exam and were detained if they were unhealthy
• interviewed by a customs officer to determine if they could support their selves
• Single women were detained until married or a relative collected them

feared competition for housing and jobs

• worked of railroads, in factories, and in mines
• joined political parties and unions
• contributed some of their traditions

period in which the number of cities and people living in them increased dramatically

the move of farmers to cities in the 1890s to work in factories

cleaner, quieter perimeters of cities where middle and upper class people moved

low cost, multifamily, housing designed to squeeze in as many families as possible, usually unhealthy and dangerous

• dimly lit
• work space small
• work days long 
• the schedule was rigid

• variety of jobs
• children had access to schools
• more opportunities for entertainment and cultural activities
• their standard of living raised

• Stanley- viewed them as improvement over the quality of life causing a decline in urban populations, services, and political power
• Priani- sprawling developments that use land inefficiently and degrade environment

novel written by Mark Twain in 1873 depicting America as having a rotten core but cover with gold paint

• the similarity of consumption patterns among Americans 
• most could have the same clothes, household gadgets, toys, and food

• started newspapers designed to provide information and stir up controversy
• papers included comics, sports, illustrations, and reports of political corruption

Amusement parks, outdoor events (movies, Wild West shows, Vaudeville shows), and spectator sports