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What is the Sequence before Tx starts
- Collect the information
- Analyze and interpret the data
- Make a diagnosis
- Determine if intervention is warranted
- Make a prognosis
- Select tx targets
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How are kids with phonological disorders characterized?
By impaired phonemic systems. They show difficulties using phonemes contrastively to differentiate meaning
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Analysis of Phonemic Contrasts(differentiating articulation from phonological disorders)
- 1. Consistent substitutions/deletions
- 2. Inconsistent substitutions/deletions
- 3. Collapse of contrasts (child will collapse multiple speech sounds down to one)
- 4. Sound preferences ( some kids prefer one sound over another)
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Its an Articulation Difficulty if...
- 1. Are the phonemic contrasts preserved?
- -Distortions
- -Articulatory attempts
- -To determine: used minimal pair contrasts
- 2. Are the peripheral motor-based problems present?
- -Consistent error(s)
- -To determine:
- - Look for consistency of error pattern
- -If no pattern: role phonetic context could play, emerging sounds
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If the production remains consistent, occurring in every tested word and position, this would suggest?
An articulation disorder
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If the production is influenced by the phonetic context or the sound seems just to be emerging, this would suggest?
An articulation disorder
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Primary Phonological Difficulties are:
- Inventory of Speech Sounds
- Distribution of Speech Sounds
- Syllable Shapes & Constraints
- Phonological Contrasts
- Phonological Error Patterns
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The structure of the syllables within a word
syllable shape
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Refers to the restriction or limitation established in the production of syllable shapes
Syllable constraint
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what is the central goal of any phonological assessment
to understand the clients phonological system
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-Describes error patterns according to a broad phonetic feature classification system
-Used to determine patterns of the sound system
-Can only describe sound substitutions but not distortions, assimilations and syllable structure changes
Place-manner-voicing analysis
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-Means of identifying substitutions, syllable structure and assimilatory changes that occur in the speech of clients
Phonological Process Analysis
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What are the 5 classifications of the Phonological Process Analysis?
- 1. Persisting normal process
- 2. Chronological Mismatch
- 3. Systematic Sound Preference
- 4. Unusual or Idiosyncratic Process
- 5. Variable use of processes
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Refers to a judgement made by a clinician based on how much of an utterance can be understood by the listener
Intelligibility
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Factors Influencing Clinical Judgement for intelligibility
- Number of errors
- Type of errors
- Frequency of phonemes in language
- Consistency of error
- Context, familiarity of listener
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-The attempts to quantify the the degree of involvement.
-Uses Percentage of Consonants Correct to measure it
Severity
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Child's production could be normal if:
- Errors are related to 2nd language, bilingual or dialect
- Errors are WNL for age group
- Errors are slight & don't call attention to the speaker
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Child may have an articulation disorder if...
- Errors couldn't be associated with a pattern or rule
- Errors occur on only a few sounds
- Errors are associated with some underlying structural, functional or neurological problem
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Child may have a phonological disorder if...
- Errors can be attributed to an underlying rule or process
- Child has multiple misarticualtions, various processes, poor , limited syllable shapes, restricted phonetic inventory
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Traditional Method of Articulation
- Sounds in phonetic inventory
- Sound that are stimulable
- Sounds that frequently occur
- Sounds that are acquired early
- Sounds that have high value to child
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Contemporary Approach
- Stimulability
- Ease of productions
- Production of knowledge
- Developmental norms
- Phonemic Complexity
- Maximal Features
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What processes should you work on first?
- Patterns that interfere the most with intelligbilty
- Patterns that result in early sucess
- Patterns that have most negative impact on child
- Patterns that occur early in development
- Patterns that impact on greatest number of segments
- Syllable structure patterns ( ICD, FCD, WSD)
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Choosing starter words
- Syllable Structure
- Phonetic Inventory
- Meaningfulness
- Langauge Constraints
- Personal Factors
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