chapter 11 theory

two main systems of the nervous system

system composed of the brain and spinal cord

system composed of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the tissues of the body

nerves that carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord

nerves that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord

this system is voluntary in nature. these nerves collect information from and return instructions to the skin, muscles, and joints

this system's mostly involuntary functions are controlled by this system as sensory information from the internal environment is sent to the CNS, and, in return, motor impulses from the CNS are sent to involuntary muscles: the heart, glands, and organs

the basic unit of the nervous sytem

projections from the cell body that receive neural impulses from a stimulus of some kind

a slender elongated projection that carries the neural impulse toward the next neuron

a substance produced by the Schwann cells that coats the axons in the peripheral nervous system

the outer cell membrane of the Schwann cell

from the axon's terminal fibers, the neurotransmitter is released from the cell to travel across the space between these terminal fibers and the dendrites of the next cell. this space is called

the supportive, or stromal, glia are also called

connect neurons and blood vessels and form a structure called the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

prevents or slows the passage of some drugs and disease-causing organisms to the CNS

cells that line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid

cover the axons of neurons in the CNS, forming their myelin sheaths

perform an active protective function by engulfing and ingesting infectious organisms

the only glial cells that appear in the PNS. these cells form a fatty substance called myelin, which insulates the axons in the PNS

four parts of the brain

the largest portion of the brain, divided into two halfs/hemispheres

responsible for thinking, reasoning, and memory

the surfaces of the hemispheres are covered with gray matter and are called

the valleys of the cerebrum

the ridges of the cerebrum

5 lobes of the cerebrum

lobe that contains the function of speech and the motor area that controls voluntary movement on the contralateral side of the body

lobe that contains the auditory and olfactory areas

lobe that controls the sensations of touch and taste

lobe responsible for vision

lobe responsible for empathy, interceptive (internal sensing) awareness and cognition

thick band of nerve fibers that joins the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

collection of structures responsible for a number of different functions. located under the cerebrum

the diencephalon is composed of

is responsible for relaying sensory information (with the exception of smell) and translating it into sensations of pain, temperature, and touch

activates, integrates, and controls the peripheral autonomic nervous system, along with many functions such as body temperature, sleep, and appetite

small, rounded structures that participate in the ability to recognize people, places, and objects that are stored in memory

connects the cerebral hemispheres to the spinal cord

three main parts of the brainstem

connects the pons and cerebellum with the hemispheres of the cerebrum

motor nerves fibers that connect the spinal cord and the cerebellum

serves as a bridge between the medulla oblongata and the cerebrum

the lowest part of the brainstem, regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

located inferior to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum, cooridinates voluntary movement but is involuntary in its function

extends from the medulla oblongata to the first lumbar vertebra

end of the spinal cord

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

act as protective coverings for the CNS and are composed of three layers separated by spaces

tough, fibrous, outer covering of the meninges. hard mother.

the space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane

thin delicate membrane that takes its name from its spidery appearance

the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

a clear fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord and removes waste products and monitors from internal changes

thin, vascular membrane that is the innermost of the three meninges. soft mother

the PNS is divided into:

capable of producing "fight-or-flight" response. this is the part of the nervous system that helps the individual respond to perceived stress

nerve fibers from several spinal nerves form a network

collections of cell bodies in the PNS