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Cardiovascular disease
CVD is the number one cause of death for both men and women of all racial groups and ages.
Arteriosclerosis, ischemia, angina pectoria
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Signs of a heart attack include
Chest discomfort, discomfort in other areas of the upper body, shortness of breath, cold sweat, nausea, lightheadedness
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A stroke is
when blood flow to the brain is blocked
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Signs of a stroke include
- Weakness, numbness, or paralysis on one side of the body
- Loss or dimming of vision, particularly in ones eyes
- Loss of speech, or difficulty speaking or understanding speech
- Sudden, severe headache
- Sudden dizziness, unsteadiness, or episodes of falling
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A transient ischemic attack may be an advance warning for
a stroke
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Uncontrollable risk factors for CVD include
age, genetics, and ethnicity
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Research about the relationship between CVD and psychosocial factors is difficult because
they are heard to measure; ethical concerns, measurement issues, and the effects of migration from one’s original culture to another culture; your perceptions may be different from others
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Distinctive traits of the Type A personality include
Impatience, exasperation, feeling constantly pressed for time, time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility
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We may reduce our psychosocial risks of CVD by
- Identify and manage sources of stress at work, at home, and at leisure.
- Modify negative emotional reactions to stressors such as cynicism and hostility.
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Recent studies show that __________ differences show up in screening for CVD
gender
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Delays in response to symptoms of heart disease are common. Causes include
Denial, optimistic bias, and alternative explanation for pain
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Hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation programs include
- Exercise training.
- Education about cardiac risks and counseling on nutrition, psychological health, and returning to work.
- Emotional and social support, and fellow patients support each other.
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Dr. Dean Ornish is most closely identified with
The opening your heart program (he believed in feeling good in good physical, emotional and spiritually health)
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The systole is
Contraction of the heart that drives blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery (top number on blood pressure reading)
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CVD may be viewed as a response of our physiology to the sociocultural environment including such factors as
Stress from sociocultural conditions, including social isolation, poverty, discrimination, family trauma, unemployment, and living with threats such as fears about crime
Lower SES, lack of safety, high fat foods
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In the United States the major cause of death is ________ with the second leading cause as _______
- cardiovascular disease;
- cancer
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Important sociocultural concerns for patients include
- Ethical concerns, measurement issues, and the effects of migration from one’s original culture to another
- culture
Loss of job and health insurance
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The term neoplasm refers to
new cell tissue that may be benign or malignant
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Malignant tumors can spread
throughout the body
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Metastasis refers to
migration of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body (it spreads)
Spread of cancerous tissue from its original site through the lymphatic system, bloodstream, or across a body cavity
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Women are most likely to die from cancer of the
lung
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Men are most likely to die from cancer of the
lung
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Most cancer deaths in the United States are due to
smoking, tobacco, alcohol
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Which of these is identified as the major risk factor in both cardiovascular disease and cancer?
Lifestyle (greatest), heredity, age, tobacco use
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Alcohol use contributes to cancer of the
mouth, esophagus, head and neck, liver, colon, rectum, breast, pancreas, and bladder
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About one-third of cancer deaths are associated with
obesity, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition
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Of food choices contributing to cancer, the most important is probably
low fiber intake
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Occupational risks for cancer include exposure to
radiation, smoke, asbestos, benzene, chromium, coal tar, creosote, arsenic, and air pollution
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Laboratory tests are available for cancer of the
lung, colon, breast, and prostate
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A psychological reaction to cancer diagnosis and treatment may be
emotional distress, anxiety, fear, anger, depression, helplessness
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Joining a cancer support group may be beneficial because
it helps to know people who know what you are going through
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Exercise often is beneficial because
Increases immune system, decreases the risk of breast cancer
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Most cancers of the lung are due to
tobacco use
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Risk factors for breast cancer include
hormones, high fat diets, obesity, inactivity, and alcohol use
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The second leading cause of cancer death among men is
prostate cancer
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The best chance for surviving cancer of the colon is
early detection
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Recovery from cancer is affected by
social support, medical care, and income, and other resources
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The three leading causes of death in the United States are heart disease, stroke, and cancer. The fourth leading cause of death is
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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The disorder that enflames joints resulting in swelling and pain is
arthritis
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The disease that contributes to cardiovascular disease is diabetes
diabetes
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A disease resulting in fragile bones due to bone loss and increasing the risks of fractures and loss in height is
osteoporosis
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The disease in which victims experience a loss of cognitive ability, including memory loss, is referred to as
Alzheimer’s disease
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Of all the chronic diseases the one most likely to affect children is
asthma
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Lifestyle choices resulting in chronic diseases include
smoking, alcohol, eating, and exercise
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Psychosocial symptoms of chronic illness include
- Fear of complete dependence on others for care
- Concern about being a burden to family and friends*
- Anxiety, frustration, and depression about physical and mental*
- Pain
- Fear of death
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Major psychosocial challenges of chronic disease include
loss of independence, finding meaning with cancer
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The type of diabetes most associated with lifestyle choices is
Type II/Type 2
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The most frequently mentioned illness causing disability in the United States is
arthritis
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Psychosocial aspects of arthritis include
- Pain and fatigue interfere with activities of daily life at school, at work, and at home.
- Patient distress includes pain, inadequate social support, and a decline in coping skills.
- Movement is often difficult. Sexual intercourse may be awkward and painful.
- Negative affect and mood disorders are common.
- Pain and lack of sleep increase stress levels.
- Feelings of helplessness are common
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