-
What is Phytophthora infestans?
It is a microorganism that is a eukaryote and it causes potato famine.
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What types of microorganisms are eukaryotes?
- Fungi
- Algae
- Protozoans
- Helminths
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Describe the Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.
- It is a eukaryote helminth.
- It burrows into its' hosts.
- Has lots of different hosts and makes their host do strange things.
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What are the external structures of a eukaryote?
- Flagella
- Cilia
- Capsules
- Slimes
- Glycocalyx
-
What serves as a boundary on the eukaryote cell?
-
What are internal structures of a eukaryotic cell?
- Nucleus
- Cytosol
- Organelles
- Ribosomes
- Cytoskeleton
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What is a fungi's cell wall composed of?
Fungi have a thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a thick outer layer of glycans.
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Fungi and algae cell walls are rigid to provide?
Support and shape.
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What does an algae cell wall consist of?
Algae often have cellulose, pectin, mannose (sugar), silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate.
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Do yeast have cell walls?
Yes.
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What does the plasma membrane contain in a eukaryote?
It contains sterols to give rigidity to membranes.
-
Does every organism possess a plasma membrane?
Yes.
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Extensive internal membranes and cytoplasmic invaginations can account for how much of the cell volume?
60% to 80% of cell volume.
-
What does the nucleus contain?
It contains the DNA of the cell.
-
What are the organelles of a eukaryotic cell?
- Nucleus
- Endoplasmin Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Ribosomes
- Cytoskeleton
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What are the Golgi Apparatus and the Endoplasmic Reticulum involved in?
They are involved in proteins.
-
What takes place in the mitochondria?
Respiration.
-
What is mycology?
The study of fungi.
-
Most fungi are:
Free living chemoheterotrophs that utilize extracellular enzymes to digest food.
-
-
Fungi can be either
Parasitic and/or pathogenic.
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What type of fungi is unicellular?
Yeast.
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How do yeast reproduce?
They reproduce by budding.
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What is a multicellular fungi?
Mycelium.
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Are unicellular yeast microscopic or macroscopic?
Microscopic.
-
Are multicellular fungi microscopic or macroscopic?
Macroscopic.
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What types of microorganisms are Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cereviseae?
They are yeasts.
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Are Candida albicans pathogenic or nonpathogenic?
Pathogenic.
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What are Saccharomyces cereviseae used to make?
They are used to make bread and alcoholic beverages.
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Yeast can be unicellular or
Dimorphic.
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What makes a yeast be dimorphic?
It depends on their environmental conditions.
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Are Candida albicans unicellular or dimorphic?
They are dimorphic.
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How do fission yeasts divide?
They divide symmetrically.
-
How do budding yeasts divide?
They divide asymmetrically.
-
What kind of cell types are there for fungi?
- Hypha (plural is hyphae)
- Yeast
-
What polysaccharides make up hyphae?
Chitin and glucan.
-
What are the 2 forms of hyphae?
Septate or aseptate.
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What is septate?
- Cell walls form between fungal cells.
- -They have breaks.
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What is aseptate?
- There are no cell walls between cells.
- -There are no breaks.
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What are the shape of yeasts?
Oval or round.
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What type of reproduction do yeast have?
Asexual reproduction by budding.
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What are pseudohyphae?
Chains of yeast that are longer than regular buds.
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What is a mass of hyphae?
Mycelium.
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What does the fungal thallus consist of?
Hyphae.
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What is the portion of a hyphae that obtains nutrients?
A vegetative hyphae.
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What portion of the hyphae is concerned with reproduction?
Aerial hyphae.
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What helps to slow the growth of mold?
Refrigeration.
-
Do molds have spores?
Yes.
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How are fungal spores produced?
Either sexual (zygospores) or asexual (ascospores) reproduction.
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What is a sporangium?
A sporangium is a plant, fungal, or algal structure that produces and contains spores.
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Where are sporangiospores formed?
Within a saclike head of a sporangium.
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What are free spores that are not enclosed by a sac called?
Conidia.
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Are zygospores or ascospores NOT involved in reproduction.
- Ascospores-no reproduction.
- Zygospores- in reproduction.
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What are "fungal infections"?
Mycoses.
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How many classifications of mycoses are there?
4
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In mycoses, which group involves keratinized tissues?
Superficial (keratinized tissues) - hair shafts - ringworm, fingernails.
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In mycoses, which group involves the fungal infection being spread throughout the entire body?
Systemic (involving one or more internal organ systems, example: respiratory mycosis in HIV or otherwise immuno-compromised patients, such as chemotherapy patients.)
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In mycoses, which fungal infection is caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi?
- Opportunistic mycoses
- -people with bad immune systems get this.
-
What causes pneumonia?
- Coccidiomycosis (systemic)
- usually is not a big deal for peolpe that have good immune systems, but it can kill.
-
What kingdom are Fungi in?
Their own, Fungi.
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What type of nutrition do fungi need?
They are chemoheterotrophs.
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How do fungi take in their food?
By absorbing it.
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What are 2 characteristic features that fungi have?
They have sexual and asexual spores.
-
Are fungi more sexual or asexual?
Sexual.
-
Bacteria and fungi are our main...
Decomposers.
-
Fungi are saprobes, therefore they are
Decomposers.
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Fungi are used in industrial applications to decompose what?
Food and beverages.
-
What kind of relationship do plant roots and fungi share?
A symbiotic relationship - the fungi help plants uptake nutrients that they can't do on their own.
-
What is mycorrhizae?
A symbiotic association between fungus and plant roots.
-
Fungi can be pathogens in
-
How many species of fungi are there?
There are more than 100,000 species.
-
How many of the 100,000 species of fungi are actually pathogenic?
100 or so are pathogenic.
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At what temperature are pathogenic dimorphic fungi yeastlike?
37 degrees Celcius.
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At what temperature are dimorphic fungi moldlike?
25 degrees Celcius.
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What does dimorphic mean?
Same organism, different shapes.
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Are conidiospores free or in a sack?
They are free, not covered by a sack.
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Is conidia asexual or sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction.
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What are arthroconidia?
Conidia formed by the fragmentation of septate hyphae.
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What are blastoconidia?
They are buds that protrude from the end of the parent cell.
-
Where are blastoconidia found?
Found in Candida albicans and Cryptococcus
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What is chlamydoconidia?
A thick walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphae segment.
-
Are chlamydoconidia free or in a sack?
They are free.
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Where are sporangiospores located?
At the end of an aerial hyphae.
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What does 1N2N1N describe?
Sexual reproduction (zygospores)
-
What word does zygospore come from?
Zygo- comes from Zygote.
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What do zygomycota produce?
They produce sporangiospores and zygospores.
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Fusion of what kind of cells will produce one zygospore?
Fusion of haploid cells.
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Are zygospores 1N or 2N?
They are 2N.
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What is coenocytic?
- Multiple nuclei without cell division.
- - aseptate hyphae is an example.
-
Rhizopus and Mucor are what type of mycoses?
They are opportunistic and systemic.
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What is ascomycota?
Sexual spores formed in an ascospore.
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Why is Penicillium economically and medically significant?
It is used in antibiotics.
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Why is Saccaromyces economically and medically significant?
Because it is used in bread and alcoholic beverages.
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What are 6 pathogenic ascomycota?
- Aspergillus
- Candida
- Trychophyton
- Pneumocytsis jiraveci
- Histoplasma
- Microsporum
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Who does Pneumocysis jiraveci infect?
It infects AIDS patients.
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What is Ohio Valley Fever?
Histoplasma.
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What are Microsporum?
Ringworm.
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What is produced for sexual reproduction?
Basidia or basidiospores.
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What are produced for asexual reproduction?
Conidia.
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What do basidiomycota form?
They form mushrooms.
-
What are "club fungi"?
- Basidiomycota
- -this includes: mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, rusts and smuts.
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Are basidiomycota pathogenic or nonpathogenic?
Most are nonpathogenic, but many can produce toxins.
-
What produces ergot on rye or other grains?
Claviceps.
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Is Amanita a toxic or nontoxic mushroom?
It is toxic.
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What can cause an invasive systemic mycosis that can infect the skin, brain, lungs, CSF, and bone marrow in humans?
- Cryptococcus neoformans.
- -
it is an opportunistic mycoses.
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In asexual reproduction, how many chromosomes are produced?
Half the amount that are produced in sexual reproduction.
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What color are edibile mushrooms?
Brown
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What color are toxic mushrooms?
Red
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What does it typically mean it a mushroom has a ring under its roof?
That it is a toxic mushroom.
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What is the under part of the mushroom called?
Gills.
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What kingdom are protozoa in?
They are in the protists kingdom.
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What kind of nutrition do protozoa need?
They are chemoheterotrophs and some can be photoheterotrophs.
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Are protozoa muticellular or unicellular?
They are unicellular.
-
How do protozoa reproduce?
They reproduce by mytosis.
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How do protozoa get their food?
They absorb or ingest it.
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What are 2 characteristic features that protozoa have?
They have motility and some can form cysts.
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What does the Kingdom Protista include?
It includes protozoans and algae.
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What are classified as "photosynthetic protists"?
Algae and protozoans.
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What is the main component of plankton in both fresh and salt water?
Algae and protozoans.
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Are alot or a few algae harmful to humans?
A few.
-
Do algae participate in photosynthesis?
Yes.
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What did the Red Tide cause?
It caused dinoflagellates.
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What are dinoflagellates?
They are flagellate protists.
-
What is Pfiesteria piscicida?
An organism caused by dinoflagellates that killed fish in the 70's and 80's.
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What is Prototheca?
An organism caused by dinoflagellates that is a nonphotosynthetic algae associated with skin/intestines and subcutaneous infections in humans and animals.
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What caused the Red Tide?
Protists.
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Prototheca is a nonphotosynthetic algae that has no chloroplasts and needs to get its nutrients from where?
Humans.
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What is the motile feeding stage of protozoa?
Trophozoite.
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What type of reproducing do protozoan have?
Asexual reproduction done by budding, fission, or schizogony.
-
What is schizogony?
It is multiple nuclear divisions followed by cytoplasmic divisions into several daughter cells.
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Some protozoa form cysts that
form a protective capsule to survive unfavorable environments or long periods without a host to provide nutrients.
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What is a protozoa that is not motile and forms cysts?
Cryptosporidium.
-
Will chlorine kill Cryptosporidium?
No.
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Where are pathogenic protozoans located?
The tropical and subtropical regions.
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What are 3 examples of pathogenic protozoans?
- Malaria
- Amoebic dysentery
- Trypanosomes
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Protozoans reproduce asexually, usually by
Mitosis.
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What are protozoans dependent upon?
Water and most are aquatic.
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How do protozoans move?
Most move by pseudopods, flagella, and/or cillia(made of microtubules).
-
Is malaria motile or nonmotile?
Nonmotile.
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Where can trypanosomes be found?
Inside the body.
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Where can Taxoplasma be found?
Cat poop.
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Is Cryptosporidium on the rise or declining in numbers?
It is on the rise.
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What is another name for Mastigophora?
Flagellata
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What are mastigophora?
(also known as flagellata) They are motile by flagella and can live as endosymbionts or pathogens.
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A phylum unicellular heterotrophic protozoans from the protists kingdom are...
Mastigophora.
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What are also under the same phyla as mastigophora?
Archaezoa, Apicomplexa, and Euglenozoa.
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What human pathogen is known for African Sleeping Sickness?
Trypanosoma
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What human pathogen is known for skin or systemic infection?
Leishmania
-
What human pathogen is known for amoebic diarrhea?
Giardia
-
What human pathogen is known for vaginal infections?
Trichomonas
-
What do parasitic forms lack?
They lack certain organelles: mitochondria and golgi bodies.
-
How can someone get Giardia?
By drinking dirty stream water.
-
How can humans contract Leishmania?
From sand flies.
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What are Sarcodinas?
Amoebas.
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How are Sarcodinas motile?
They are motile by means of pseudopodia.
-
What does pseudopodia literally mean?
It means "false feet".
-
Are Sarcodina (amoebas) infectious?
No, they are not pathogens.
-
Foraminiferans and radiolarians (shelled amoeba) are from what group?
Sarcodina (amoeba) group.
-
What is Entamoeba histolytica?
Amoebic dysentery or amoebic abscess.
-
What do Acanthamoeba cause?
They cause eye infections.
-
If amoebas were inside our bodies, what would they be doing to our cells?
They would be eating them and breaking them down.
-
What are non-motile parasites that often require complex lifecycles involving primary and secondary hosts?
Sporozoans.
-
Unlike protozoans, sporozoans dont have...
Cillia or flagella.
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What is Plasmodium?
Malaria.
-
What is Cryptosporidium?
An intestinal parasite of mammals.
-
What causes Toxoplasma?
Toxoplasmosis causes it and it is contracted through infected meats, ingestion of cat feces that has the disease, or mother to fetus transmission.
-
Where does the Plasmodium vivax reproduce?
It reproduces in the salavary gland of mosquitos.
-
In Plasmodium vivax, what is the definitive host?
The mosquito.
-
How are protozoans classified?
- They are classified by the way that they move.
- -ciliates
- -flagellets
- -amoebas
-
How are Ciliates motile?
They are motile by the means of cilia.
-
Which is the largest population of movers in the protozoan group?
Ciliates represent the largest population group of protozoans.
-
What is the ONLY pathogenic ciliate?
Balantidium coli.
-
What does Balantidium coli infect and cause?
It causes a type of dysentery and usually infects monkeys, pigs, and people around pigs. It lives in the colon and intestine.
-
What are parasitic worms?
Helminths.
-
Where do helminths live?
Unlike external parasites like lice and fleas, they live inside their hosts.
-
Parasitic worms (helminths) are...
Hermaphrodites.
-
What are the 2 types of parasitic helminths?
- 1. Flatworms
- 2. Roundworms
-
What is the scientific name of Flatworms?
Platyhelminthes.
-
What is the scientific name of round worms?
Aschelminthes or nematodes.
-
What are cestodes?
They are flatworms that are tapeworms and they are segmented.
-
What are trematodes?
They are flatworms that are fluxes that are not segmented.
-
What are the shape of roundworms?
Elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented bodies.
-
Lifecycles of helminths are usually...
Complicated involving at least one host and multiple stages in their lifecycles.
-
What is the intermediate (secondary) host in a helminth life cycle?
A host in which the parasitic larva develop.
-
What is a definitive (final) host in a helminth life cycle?
A host in which the parasite lives and reproduces as an adult.
-
What is a transport host in a helminth life cycle?
An intermediate host that experiences no parasitic development but is necessary for the parasite to complete its life cycle.
-
How are humans able to be infected with helminths?
- Food
- Soil
- Water
- Infected Animals
-
How do helminths infect humans?
They infect them by mouth or by penetrating intact skin.
-
In a helminth, most eggs do not make it to a host. What happens to them?
They die.
-
What type of helminth can produce about 200,000 eggs per day?
Ascaris lumbricoides.
-
Tapeworms have what type of segments that are loaded with eggs?
Proglottid.
-
What is Taenia saginata?
The beef tapeworm.
-
For the Taenia saginata, what would be the definitive host?
Human or Cow
Human would be the definitive host.
-
What is Echinococcus granulosus?
The dog tapeworm.
-
For Echinococcus granulosus, what would be the intermediate host, human or dog?
Human would be the intermediate host.
-
What is heartworm disease in dogs called and what infects the dog with it?
- Dirofilaria immitis.Mosquitos bite the dogs and if they have the disease then they pass it on to them.
-
What is Ascaris lumbricoides?
The giant roundworm of humans. It is the largest and most common parasitic worm of humans. It is found in tropical and subtropical places.
-
Are Ascaris lumbricoides hermaphrodites or male and female worms?
They have male and female worms.
-
In the life cycle of the Ascaris lumbricoides, what role do humans play?
Humans play both an intermediate and a definitive host.
-
How do Ascaris lumbricoides infect humans?
They are ingested, they are then in the lungs where they are coughed up and reingested to the small intestine.
-
What is Enterobious vermicularis, and what does it infect?
It is a pin worm and it infects humans, mainly children, and consists mainly of itching of the butt. They are considered a nuisance, rather than a serious disease.
-
Enterobious vermicularis have both...
Male and female worms.
-
How do human hookworms infect humans?
They penetrate the foot, and travel to the intestine. They are very bad and eat the intestines.
-
What are arthropods?
- Animals with segmented bodies, exoskeletons, and jointed legs.
- (insects like)
-
What is a vector?
A passer of a disease.
-
What kingdom are arthropod vectors from?
Animalia.
-
What phylum are arthropods?
They are in the Arthropoda phylum.
-
What Class are arthropod vectors in if they have 6 legs?
- The insecta class.
- -lice
- -fleas
- -mosquitoes
-
What Class are arthropod vectors if they have 8 legs?
- They are in the Arachnida class.
- -mites
- -ticks
-
Arthropods as vectors transmit disease biologically, meaning...
The microbe multiples in the vector.
-
What diseases do ticks carry?
Lymes disease and rocky mountian fever.
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