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Intoxication
Illnesses in which bacterial toxins are ingested with food and water
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Infection
Illnesses in which live bacterial pathogens are ingested and grow in the body
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Incubation period
Is the time between consumption of contaminated material and appearance of symptoms
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What makes a person more or less prone to illness?
- Demographics can make individuals more or less prone to food/waterborne illness
- For example, age or sanitary conditions
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How does food or water become contaminated?
- Slaughter - Meat can be infected during improper slaughter procedure
- Water - Fruits and vegetables can be washed with contaminated water
- Feces - Infected humans can contaminate food they handle through the fecal-oral route
- Cross-contamination - between foods via knife, cutting board, etc.
- Storage - Improperly stored foods can contain large numbers of pathogens because of rapid multiplication
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Intoxications
- Botulism
- Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
- Clostridial Food Poisoning
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Botulism
- Intoxication
- Clostridium botulinum
- No bad taste or smell in food
- Destroy toxin by heating
- 90C for 10 minutes - Heat labile
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Botulism types
- A, B, E - commonly found in human food
- C, D - Found in cattle
- F - Found in fish
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Clostridium botulinum
- Spore forming
- Obligate anaerobe
- G+ rod
- When the spore enter anaerobic cans or jars the spores germinate to vegetative bacilli and produce a neurotoxic exotoxin
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What exotoxin does Clostridium botulinum produce?
Neurotoxin
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Botulism symptoms
- 18-36 hours
- Blurred vision
- Slurred speech
- Hard to chew and swallow
- Respiratory failure in 1-2 days
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Infant botulism
- Caused by consuming Clostridium botulinum spores found in food or soil
- Most commonly caused by honey
- The most common form of botulism in the US
- Affects 3-24 month olds because they have not established the normal balance bowel microbes
- Floppy baby syndrome
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Fodder disease
Fermenting corn in silos (an anaerobic environment) can harbor Closdridium botulinum and cause this disease in cattle
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Limberneck disease
- Poultry water gets contaminated with food and ferments creating an anaerobic environment for Clostridium botulinum to grow.
- The chickens necks become paralyzed and their heads flop over.
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Botox
The stain used in botox is a mild toxin form
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Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
- Staphylococcus aureus
- G+ aerobic staphylococcus
- Makes exotoxin: enterotoxin
- Heat stabile
- No unusual taste or smell
- Grows between 8C to 45C
- Food is often contaminated by boils or abscesses on a handler�s skin, sneezing
- Proper handling, refrigeration, and heating help decrease the risk of contamination
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Staphylococcus aureus
- G+ aerobic staphylococcus
- Can grow in colder temps 8C-45C
- Found in noses and boils
- Likes high protein foods like meat, fish and, dairy products
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Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Symptoms
- Onset in 1-6 hours
- Abdominal cramps
- Vomiting and diarrhea (both!)
- Goes away in 1 day
- People have different tolerances to the enterotoxin
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Clostridial Food Poisoning
- Intoxication
- Enterotoxin
- Clostridium perfringens
- Likes protein-rich foods
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Clostridium perfringens
G+ anaerobic spore forming bacillus
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Clostridium perfringens symptoms:
- 8-24 hours
- Cramping
- Diarrhea
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Food born infections
- Salmonellosis
- Escherichia coli diarrheas
- Listeriosis
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Salmonellosis
- Usually caused by S. enterica serotype Enteritidis or Typhimurium
- Gastroenteritis occurs 6-48 hours after a large infectious dose
- Isolate bacteria from fecal matter
- Found in poultry and eggs
- Easter ducks and chicks
- Turtles
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Salmonellosis Symptoms:
- Onset in 1-3 days
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Cramps
- Gastroenteritis
- Lasts 7 or more days
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Salmonella Species
- G- bacillus with flagella
- 2500 unique serotypes
- Serotypes is used instead of species because of the uncertain relationship existing between the organisms
- Salmonella enterica Enteritidis and
- Salmonella enterica Typhimurium
- Most common cause of salmonellosis
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Serotypes
Closely related groups of microorganisms or structures distinguished by their ability to bind to different antibodies
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Cholera
- Vibrio cholera
- Cholera can involve enormous fluid loss
- V. cholerae are often consumed with raw oysters and water
- The cells are susceptible to stomach acid
- A large infectious dose is needed to colonize the intestines
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Cholera symptoms
- Vibrio cholerae
- Cholera toxin causes unrelenting loss of fluid and electrolytes through diarrhea (up to 1 L/hour)
- In untreated, fluid loss thickens the blood, leading to shock and coma
- Rice-water stools
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Vibrio cholerae
- Motile aerobic G- curved bacillus
- Enterotoxin (Cholera toxin)
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Cholera treatment
Antibiotics and restoration of water and electrolyte balance are effective in treatment
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Cholera vaccine
Vaccines using dead V. cholerae are available
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Electrolytes
Any ions in cells, blood or other organic material
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Brucella suis
G-. Brucella suis can transmit to human through pigs.
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Campylobacter jejuni
- G-, curved and rod-shaped.
- Transmitted to food by fecal/oral route.
- Guillaine-Barre syndrome
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Bacillus cereus
- G+, large, rod-shaped, endospore forming, facultative aerobic
- Causes food poisoning after 2-6 hours
- Enterotoxin
- If in meat - diarrhea with a little vomiting
- If in starchy food - substantial vomiting
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Staphlylococcus aureus
- G+, facultatively anaerobic, sphere, gold colored
- 2nd most reported type of food poisoning
- Sometimes found in the nose
- 1-6 hour iccubation
- Protein rich foods
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Clostridium perfringens
- G+, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming
- Most common food poisoning
- Protein rich foods
- Spores survive cooking
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Listeria monocytogenes
- G+, small, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic rod motile at room temp
- Found in soil & intestines of many animals
- Food contaminated with fecal mater
- Psycotrophic - can grow in the cold
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Salmonella enterica Enteritidis
- G-, flagellated, aerobic rod
- Fecal/oral route
- 6-48 hour incubation
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Escherichia coli
G-, rod shaped
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Is a toxin involved in Typhoid fever
Not established
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Is a toxin involved in Botulism
Yes. The toxin produced is so powerful 1 pint could kill everyone
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Is a toxin involved in Cholera
Enterotoxin, cholera toxin
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Is a toxin involved in Clostridial food poisoning
Enterotoxin. The spores survive cooking and germinate to vegetative cells that produce the toxin
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Is a toxin involved in Listeriosis
Not established
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Is a toxin involved in Shigellosis
Exotoxin, Shiga toxin
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Causes traveler's diarrhea
Escherichia coli
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Material used for treating botulism
antitoxin
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Region of the body where Campylocater colonize
Large intestine
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Incubation period for staphylococcal food poisoning
1-6 hours
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Species of Bacillus associated with food born disease
Bacillus cereus
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Caused by child ingesting food containing endospores
infant botulism
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The disease other than food poisoning that Chlostridium perfringens causes
gas gangrene
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Typhoid is treated with what antibiotic?
Ceftriaxon or chloramphenicol
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How many cases of salmonellosis per year?
1.3 million
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What causes cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
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Bloody diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli 0157:H7
Hemorrhagic colitis
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Genus that is a major cause of infantile diarrhea
Escherichia
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What type of white blood cells are infected by Listeria?
Monocytes.
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What is septicemia
- An infection of the white blood cells.
- Listeria infect the monocytes
- Staphylococcus aureus can grow at what temps?
- 8C - 45C
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The group of substances in food that encourage the growth of Clostridium perfringens
Proteins
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What can type medium grows Staphylococcus aureus?
Manitol salt agar
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The organic substance found in newer typhoid vaccines
Capsular polysaccharides from Salamonella typhi
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Incubation period in salamonellosis
6-48 hours
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What is another name for Shigellosis?
Bacterial dysentery
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Is a toxin involved in Salmonellosis?
Not established
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What disease focuses on the blood rich organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes?
Brucellosis
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S. Typhi is transmitted by the five Fs:
- Flies
- Food
- Fingers
- Feces
- Fomites
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What causes Rose spots?
S. Typhi and they indicate blood hemorrhage
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How does S. Typhi survive the stomach?
- It is acid resistant
- It passes through the stomach to the small intestine
- It causes ulcers, bleeding, and pain
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Salmonellosis
- Can be contracted from a variety of foods
- Gastroenteritis occurs 6-48 hours after a large infectious dose
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Salmonellosis is usually caused by
S. enterica serotype Enteritidis or Typhimurium
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Salmonella spps.
G- rod with flagella
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Salmonellosis Symptoms
- 1-3 days incubation
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Cramps
- Lasts 7 or more days
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Where do you find Salmonella bacteria?
- Isolate bacteria from fecal matter
- Found in poultry and eggs
- Easter ducks and chicks
- Turtles
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What food is Cholera frequently found in?
- V. cholerae are often consumed with raw oysters
- Water
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Cholera toxin causes
Unrelenting loss of fluid and electrolytes through diarrhea (up to 1 L/hour)
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Cholera treatment
Antibiotics and restoration of water and electrolyte balance are effective in treatment
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Cholera vaccine
Vaccines using dead V. cholerae are available
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E. coli poisoning
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) penetrate the intestinal epithelium and produce a toxin that causes gastroenteritis a.k.a. traveler�s diarrhea
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Escherichia coli characteristics
- G- bacillus
- Enterotoxin or enteroinvasive
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Escherichia coli symptoms
- Bloody diarrhea
- Infantile and traveler�s
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E. coli treatment
- Treatment:
- Antibiotics
- Fluid replacement
- Hemorrhagic colitis
- Severe, bloody diarrhea caused by E. coli
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Hemolytic uremic syndrome
- Caused by E. coli
- In older adults, young children, people with weakened immune systems may develop this complication involving the kidneys and leading to kidney failure
- Seizers, coma, colonic perforation, liver disorder and heart muscle infection have been associated with HUS
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Campylobacteriosis
- Results from consumption of contaminated poultry or dairy products
- The most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the U.S.
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Campylobacter jejuni
- Fecal-oral route, usually by poultry
- Colonization of the intestine occurs during a 2-7 day incubation period
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Guillain-Barr� Syndrome
A rare nervous system disease that may develop from Campylobacteriosis
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Listeriosis
- Usually manifests itself as meningoencephalitis or septicemia
- Caused by Listeria monocytogenes
- Infection of the uterus can occur in women
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Listeriosis is usually transmitted by
- Food contaminated with feces
- Contaminated animal products like cold cuts and soft cheeses
- Listeriosis usually affects pregnant women, the elderly, or immunocompromised
- 25% mortality rate
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Meningoencephalitis is characterized by:
- headaches
- stiff neck
- delirium
- Coma
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Listeria monocytogenes
Small G+ bacillus
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Listeria monocytogenes is found
- In soil and barnyards
- Cheeses
- Ground meats
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Listeria moncytogenes is transmitted by
- Contact with soil
- Cheeses
- Ground meats
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Listeriosis Treatment:
Long-term tetracycline
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Shigellosis (Bacterial Dysentery)
- Occurs where sanitary conditions are lacking
- Caused by Shigella sonnei
- S. dystenteriae causes epidemics in the developing world
- An infectious dose requires fewer than 200 S. sonnei individuals
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Shigellosis contaminated foods commonly include
- Eggs
- Vegetables
- Shellfish
- Dairy
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What toxin is involved in Shigellosis
Shiga toxin production in the intestinal epithelium triggers gastroenteritis
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What is infected by Shigella sonnei
Infection of the large intestine can lead to fatal dysentery
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Is there a vaccine for Shigella sonnei
No vaccine is available
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What bacteria is involved in ulcers
Helicobacter pylori is involved in gastric ulcers
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How does one contract H. pylori
It is unknown how H. pylori is transmitted but it likely involves contaminated food or water
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What toxin does H. pylori produce?
- The bacteria produce urease, which in turn produces ammonia
- Ammonia neutralizes acid in that area of the stomach, allowing the bacteria to survive
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How does H. pylori create an ulcer?
- The ammonia, and an H. pylori cytotoxin destroy mucous-secreting cells
- This creates a sore
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How is H. pylori detected
A urea breath test is used to detect H. pylori presence
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Brucellosis
- Brucella species cause brucellosis
- Affects people who work with large ruminant animals
- Infection can occur through eyes, abrasions, or consumption of contaminated dairy products
- Brucellosis is also called undulant fever because of a specific fever pattern
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Vibrio species other than V. cholerae can cause illness
- V. parahaemolyticus is a common problem where large amounts of seafood are consumed
- V. vulnificus is transmitted by oysters and clams
- It can cause a deadly systemic infection
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Bacillus cereus
- Can cause diarrhea or vomiting
- Infections usually occur from eating contaminated cooked grains
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Plesiomonas shigelloides
- Causes intestinal illness
- Infection is often from eating raw seafood
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Aeromonas hydrophila
Cause both cholera-like and dysentery-like diarrheas
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