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Chancre
painless circular, purplish ulcer with a small raised margin and hard edges
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Gumma
Soft, painless gummy, noninfectious, granular lesion that can affect any part of the body and cause sloughing
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Syphilis Treatment
Penicillin
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Syphilis Diagnosis:
- Wassermann test
- Treponemal Ab test
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Syphilis, Congenital
- Hutchenson�s triad
- Deafness
- Poor vision
- Peg shaped teeth
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Syphilis Organism
- Treponema pallidum
- Spirochete
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Syphilis Stages
- Primary: chancre
- Secondary: skin rash
- Tertiary: gumma
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Gonorrhea organism
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- G- diplococcus, double bean shape
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Gonorrhea can also affect the
- Reproductive organs
- Pharynx
- Rectum
- Eyes
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Infants can contract
Gonococcal ophthalmia while passing through the birth canal
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In females it can spread to the fallopian tubes, causing:
- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- possible sterility
- ectopic pregnancy
- salpingitis
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Males experience what in gonorrhea
- tingling of the penis
- pain when urinating
- penile discharge
- swollen lymph nodes
- painful testicles
- It can cause infertility in males
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Identify the organs in which gonorrhea occurs during the original infection and during complications of gonorrhea
- Females: cervix and fallopian tubes. Steritily may result from scar tissue
- Males: urethra, lymph nodes, testicles.
- Pharynx, rectum, eyes
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Compare chlamydial urethritis (Chlamydia) with gonorrhea with respect to causative organism, organs affected incidence, treatment, complications and diagnosis.
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Gonorrhea Organissm
Neisseria gonorhoeae,
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Gonorrhea Organs affected
Urogenital organs, pharynx, rectum, eyes
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Gonorrhea incidence
- 2nd most commond reported disease
- 355,991 in 2007
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Gonorrhea treatment
- Penicillin, tetracycline
- Silver nitrate or erythromycin
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Gonorrhea complications
Sterility, keratitis (eyes)
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Gonorrhea diagnosis
- Observing G- diplocci (double bean) & white blood cells
- Can use a test that has a color reaction
- There is also DNA test
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Chlamydia Organism
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Exceptionally small, round to ovoid with a cell membrane and outer membrane but without any peptidoglycan
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Chlamydia organs affected
- Females: slight vaginal discharge, inflammation of the cervix, burning during urination. May spread to and block the fallopian tubes causing salpingitis. 40% of untreated infections progress to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
- Males: painful urination and discharge that is more watery and less copious than gonorrhea. Chlamidial pharyngitis or proctitis is possible as a result of oral or anal intercourse. May reduce sperm quality.
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Chlamydia incidence
- Most common STD
- More than 1 million new cases in 2007
- Chlamydia complications
- Sterility, miscarriage, neonatal conjunctivitis
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Chlamydia treatment
1 dose of azithromycin or 7 days of doxycycline. Erythromycin if woman is pregnant
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Chlamydia diagnosis
- 2 fast and simple tests. A swap sample is used for a fluorescent antibody test using monoclonal antibodies.
- An imunoassy test with a swap sample similar to gonorrhea test. In Dr. office
- DNA test is also available.
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Salpingitis
Chlamydia may spread to and block the fallopian tubes
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Name and briefly describe 4 sexually transmitted diseases other than syphilis, gonorrhea and Chlamydia.
- Chancroid:Soft chancre, Erythema, swollen inguinal lymph nodes
- Ureaplasma urethritis: Similar to gonorrhea but variable discharg, pain aggravated when urinating
- Lymphogranuloma venereum: fever, malaise, more common in females, swelling and tender lymph nodes
- Granuloma inguinale" primary lesion starting as a nodule and progressing to a granular ulcer that bleeds easily. Swollen lymph nodes in groin.
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UReaplasma urethritis, an STD
Pain on urination, variable discharge, salpinitis
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Lymphogranuloma venereum, an STD
Swollen lymph nodes, proctitis
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Granuloma inguinale, an STD
Bleeding ulcer, swollen unguinal lymph nodes
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Leprosy
- Is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast rod
- Hansen disease. Discovered by Gerhard Hansen.
- 3-6 year incubation
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Major Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
- Syphilis
- Gonorrhea
- Chlamydial urethritis
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Syphilis Bacteria
- Treponema pallidum
- Spirochete
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Syphilis Stages:
- Primary: chancre
- Secondary: skin rash
- Tertiary: gumma
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Syphilis Congenital:
- Hutchenson�s triad:
- Deafness
- Poor vision
- Peg shaped teeth
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Syphilis Treatment
penicillin
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Syphilis Diagnosis:
- Wassermann test
- Treponemal Ab test
- Third most reported microbial disease in U.S.
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Gonorrhea bacteria
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- G- diplococcus
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Gonorrhea Symptoms: female
- Reddened cervix, abdominal pain, burning sensation during urination
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Gonorrhea Symptoms: male
- Tingling sensation, pain, thick white discharge
- Gonorrhea Symptoms: general
- Gonococcal pharyngitis
- Gonococcal proctitis
- Gonococcal ophthalmia
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Gonorrhea Treatment and control
- Susceptible to antiseptics and disinfectants
- Treatment: penicillin, tetracycline
- Silver nitrate or erythromycin
- Incubation: 2 to 6 days
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Chlamydial urethritis (chlamydia)
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Nongonococcal urethritis
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Chlamydial urethritis Symptoms:
- Mild gonorrhea-like
- Chlamdial pneumonia
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Chlamydial urethritis Treatment:
Erythromycin
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Chlamydial urethritis Diagnosis
Fluorescent Ab test
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Chlamydial urethritis Incubation
1 to 3 weeks
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Contact Bacterial Diseases
- Staphylococcal skin diseases
- Bacterial conjunctivitis
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Staphylococcus aureus
G+ coccus in clusters
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Staphylococcal skin diseases
- Abscesses, boils, carbuncles
- Scalded skin syndrome
- Impetigo contagiosum
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Staphylococcal skin diseases Treatment:
penicillin
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Staphylococcal other diseases
Pneumonia, meningitis, nephritis
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Impetigo
Is a skin infection common in children involving oozing blisters in the epidermis
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MRSA
- Methicillin-resistan Staphlococcal aureus
- Antibiotic resistance in S. aureus is well known
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Some S. aureus diseases result from contact with toxin
- Scalded skin syndrome involves red, wrinkled, tender, and peeling skin
- This usually occurs in children or immunocompromised people
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Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
- Is characterized by sudden fever and circulatory collapse
- Use of tampons have been associated with TSS, but it is not the only cause
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Trachoma
- Transmitted by Personal Contact
- Trachoma is the world�s leading cause of preventable blindness
- It is caused by a serotype of Chlamydia trachomatis
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Trachoma is transmitted by:
- contact with contaminated objects
- face-to-face contact
- flies
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Trachoma Symptoms
- Nodules form in the conjunctive
- The upper eyelid can turn in, causing abrasion of the cornea
- Tear flow can be inhibited, allowing for secondary infections
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Bacterial conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)
- Haemophilus influenzae III
- G- bacillus
- Very contagious
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Bacterial conjunctivitis (Pinkeye) Symptoms:
- Pink whites, discharge, swollen and itchy eyes
- Symptoms last 2 weeks
- The conjunctive is inflamed and blood vessels dilate
- This causes the white of the eye to appear pink
- The eye is swollen and itchy and excretes copious discharge
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Bacterial conjunctivitis (Pinkeye) Treatment
neomycin
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye) is often caused by
Haemophilus aegyptius
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Bacterial conjunctivitis (Pinkeye) Treatment is extremely contagious, spread by:
- contaminated objects
- face-to-face contact
- airborne droplets
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Yaws (frambesia) is caused by
- Treponema pertenue
- Yaws is similar to
- Appearance and chemistry similar to Treponema palladium
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Yaws Transmission
Occurs through nonsexual contact
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Yaws symptoms
- First, a red, raised lesion occurs at the site of entry
- Later, numerous soft granular nodules appear on the face, arms, and legs
- Left untreated, destruction of limb and face flesh and bone occurs
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Oral diseases
- 20 species of bacteria in the mouth
- streptococcus, lactobacilli, spirochetes, filamentous bacteria
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Plaque:
- Protein, polysaccharides, bacteria
- 1 billion bacteria per gram of plaque
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Dental caries caused by
- Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguis, S. mitis, S. salivarius
- G+ coccus in chains
- Ferments sucrose and makes lactic acid
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Dental caries Prevention:
- Fluoride
- low sucrose diet
- Killing cariogenic bacteria
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Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, (trench mouth)
- Leptotrichia
- G- bacillus
- Treponema vencentii
- Spirochete
- Invasion of tissue, causes ulcers
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If a person sustains an intestinal injury, Bacteroides fragilis may enter the bloodstream and cause:
- peritonitis
- abdominal abscesses
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Infection by Clostridium difficle cause
- pseudomembanous colitis
- Lesions form on the intestinal lining
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Actinomycosis is caused by
Actinomyces israelii, which infects tissues following trauma
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Nocardiosis is often caused by
Nocardia asteroides, which causes pneumonia when inhaled
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Animal Bite Diseases Occasionally Occur
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Pasteurellosis is caused by
Pasteurella mutlocida,
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P. mutlocida is
common in the pharynx of dogs and cats
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Common symptoms are:
- local redness
- warmth
- swelling
- tenderness
- abscesses
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B. henselae and B. quintana appear to cause
bacterial angiomatosis (BA)
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Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is associated with
- Bartonella henselae
- It can be transmitted from a bite, scratch, or lick from an infected cat
- Swollen lymph glands are a common symptom
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Rat-bite fever is caused by
- Actinobacillus muris in the U.S. and by Spirillum minus in Asia
- The bacteria are found in the pharynx of wild rats and other rodents
- Lesion, fever, and rash tend to occur as well as joint pain
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Plaque is
A biofilm, containing salivary proteins, food debris and bacterial cells and products
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Dental caries (tooth decay) results from:
- plaque building
- dietary carbohydrates
- acidogenic bacteria
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A major cause of caries is
- Streptococcus mutans
- They ferment dietary carbohydrates into acids
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Fluoride and diet can
prevent dental caries
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Periodontal disease (fusospirochetal disease) results from
the inflammation of periodontal tissue
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Poor oral hygiene leads to increased
subgingival plaque, which can be populated by bacteria
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Subgingival plaque is characterized by:
- ulcers and bleeding along the gingival margin
- degradation of periodontal ligaments and bone
- loosened or lost teeth
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UTIs can occur in
the urethra, bladder, and kidneys
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UTIs are often caused by
E. coli, but other genera are also implicated
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UTIs Symptoms include
- abdominal or back pain
- burning during urination
- frequent urges to urinate
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UTIs Complications include
- Infection of the kidney (pyelonephritis)
- Fever
- Sepsis
- decreased kidney function
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Nosocomial diseases
- Acquired at hospital
- 10% of all patients
- 30% surgical patients
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Nosocomial dOpportunistic organisms
- Pseudomonas aeroginosa
- E. coli
- Serratia marcessens
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Nosocomial Infections Can Be Acquired in a Healthcare Setting
- Up to 10% of all hospital patients in the U.S. develop a nosocomial disease
- Many patients have some interference with normal immune defenses, making them susceptible
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Most nosocomial diseases are caused by
opportunistic organisms the patients bring in themselves
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A chain of transmission between patients is established by:
- Health care workers
- Contaminated equipment or instruments
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Leprosy (Hansen Disease) Is a
- Chronic, Systemic Infection
- About 95% of the world�s population is immune to leprosy
- It is spread through nasal secretions
- It has a long incubation period of 3-6 years
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Leprosy (Hansen Disease) is caused by
Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular parasite
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Leprosy causes:
- disfigurement of skin and bones
- twisting of limbs and curling of fingers
- loss of facial features
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In multibacillary or lepromatous leprosy
- tumor-like lepromas form on the skin and respiratory tract
- The immune system does not react
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