Avera's Final

• -Assumes that certain traits/characteristics are what make leaders
• -Verified through further research
• -(eg. IQ, Socio-economic status, confidence, etc.)

• -What works in one context may not work in another.
• -Brought trait theory into question

• -Openness
• -Conscientiousness
• -Extraversion
• -Agreeableness
• -Neuroticism

• -Makes autonomous/unilateral decisions
• -Delegates tasks/deadlines
• -Demands strict compliance
• -Gives praise, criticism, or consequences
• -Good in times of crisis if leader is an expert
• -Micromanagers could lose commitment/productivity from employees
• -Task: High
• -Relation: Low

• -Collective decision making (leader has final say)
• -Less unilateral/more cooperative communication
• -Wants to get input from everybody
• -Notices communication style
• -Task: High
• -Relation: High

• -Free reign given to team for decisions
• -Less involvement, feedback, directions given
• -Perceived as: aloof, uninvolved, indifferent
• -Good with teams of high motivation/ability
• -Task: Low
• -Relation: Low

• -Keep the harmony
• -Not task focused
• -Could be taken advantage of
• -Task: Low 
• -Relation: High

• -Transactional
• -Transformational
• -Bass (1981) made the distinction between the two

• -Based on exchanges
• -You follow along and I'll reward or punish you

• -Involves inspiring followers to commit to shared vision that provides meaning to their work.
• -Helps followers develop potential
• -Trains followers to become leaders
• -Often charismatic (careful for dark side)
• -When augmented with transactional it is more effective

• -Idealized Influence
• =behaving in ways that earn admiration, trust..
• -Inspirational Motivation
• =foster an enthusiasm for and commitment to..
• -Intellectual Stimulation
• =challenge followers to be innovative/creative…
• -Individualized Considerations
• =help followers achieve potential through mentoring...

• -Moderate positive effect on performance
• -Strong positive effect on commitment

-When group lacks expertise they can be lead to make bad decisions by someone who doesn't know what they're talking about.

-Ability to utilize different leadership styles based on task, team, or structure of org.

• -Encoding
• =receiving, processing, combining information
• -Storage
• =creation of permanent record of the encoded
• -Retrieval
• =calling back the stored info

• -Sensory
• =occurs within senses, briefly stored
• -Short Term
• =our conscious thoughts/working memory=holds about 7 items for up to 30 secs=capacity can increased by chunking and duration can be increased by maintenance rehearsal
• -Long Term
• =more permanent with unlimited capacity
• =transfer from STM to LTM involves hippocampus

• -Explicit/Declarative
• =memory with conscious recall
• -Implicit/Nondeclarative
• =memory without conscious recall

• -Semantic memory
• =facts (knowing your birthday)
• -Episodic memory
• =personal experiences (first kiss)

• -Procerdural memory
• =motor skills (driving a car)
• -Classically Conditioned memory
• =conditioned responses (conditd. phobias)
• -Priming
• =earlier exposure facilitates retrieval

• -Decay Theory
• =memory deteriorates over time
• -Interference Theory
• =forgetting occurs when there is competing info
• -Motivated Forgetting Theory
• =forgetting due to unpleasant, painful, etc.
• -Encoding Failure Theory
• =info never transfers from STM to LTM

• -Amygdala
• -Basal Ganglia
• -Cerebellum
• -Hippocampus
• -Thalamus
• -Neocortex

• -Physiological Responses
• -Overt Behaviors
• -Conscious Feelings

• -Multidimensional
• -Involve biological, behavioral, cognitive, and social factors
• -Can be interpreted differently from culture to culture

-Study of subjective experiences

• -Amygdala
• -Hippocampus
• -Frontal Lobe

-The thalamus is reacting faster than the neocortex

• -Emotion
• -Learning
• -Memory

• -Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• =both sympathetic and parasympathetic
• -Activation of sympathetic part produces fight or flight response

• -James/Lange
• =gunshot > jump > reaction is fear
• -Cannon/Bard
• =gunshot > body response/fear at same time
• -Two-Factor (AVERA'S CHOICE)
• =gunshot > body response/think about it > reaction

-Flashbulb Memories

-Memory Encoding

-Misattribution Errors

-Encoded

-Physical and psychological problems

• -Prolonged maladaptive response to the exposure to a traumatic event.
• -Shows in behavior through flashbacks, aggression, difficulty concentrating, etc.

-When learner actively monitors events involving others and then chooses later actions based on their observations.

• -Famous professor at Stanford
• -We learn through observation
• -Presence of model increases attention to situation
• -Encoding of models actions
• -Action reproduction:must be able to repeat
• -Motivation: must have a reason to select observed behavior
• -Bandura and Bobo the clown

• -Egocentrism
• =seeing the world only from your point of view

-Ability to see from multiple perspectives

• -Strong learning in the absence of any specific REINFORCEMENT (self motivated learning)
• -Apparent need for complex cognitive processing (no simple stimulus/response terms)

-Copying specific actions learned from another

• -The Behaviorists' simple forms of learning:
• -Emulation
• =accomplish goal, but in different way
• -Contagion
• =inborn tendency to react to cues from others
• -Stimulus Enhancement
• =teacher directs attention to something by pointing...

• -Emulation
• -Observational
• -Contagion
• -Stimulus Enhancement

-Yes, in humans, some primates, and dolphins

-Looking to others to understand how to respond in certain situations

-Our ability to perceive others thoughts, feelings, actions, and motivations

• -Process in which an observer learns something involving other agents
• -Someone loses money in soda machine, you don't use that machine
• -Can lead to social conformity
• -An adaptive function

• -Tech revolution
• -Fiberoptics, tv, cell phones, planes, immigration.
• -Excessive world views 
• -The consumer identity

• -Violent movies/video games
• -Sexualized behavior in media
• -Images of health/beauty

• -Functional
• -Magnetic
• -Resonance
• -Imaging

• -Humans have them
• -EEG and fMRI indicate that some brain regions are activated for both observing and performing actions