Sociology Review

a particular point of view

the scientific study of social structure (human social behavior)

a view that looks at behavior of groups, not individuals

the patterned interaction of people in social relationships

the study of social stability and order

the study of social change

a set of assumptions accepted as true

approach that emphasizes the contributions made by each part of society

intended and recognized sequences of an aspect of society

unintended and unrecognized consequences of an aspect of society

negative consequence of an aspect of society

approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society

anything that stands for something else and has an agreed upon meaning attached to it

approach that focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols

research method in which people respond to questions

a group of people with certain specified characteristics

a group of people with certain specified chracteristics

a written sect of questions to be answered by a research participant

a survey method in which a trained researcher asks questions and records the answers

questions a person must answer by choosing from a limited, predetermined set of responses

questions a person is to answer in his or her own words

a case study where the researcher becomes a member of the group being studied

knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects that are shared by members of a society

a specific territory inhabited by people who share a common culture

innate (unlearned) patterns of behavior

things that stand for or represent something else

rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior

norms that lack moral significance

norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of the society

a rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment

a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials

broad ideas about what is good or desirable shared by people in a society

ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavuor

ideas about the nature of reality

the concrete, tangible objects of a culture

cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept

actual behavior patterns of members of a group

a group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from in some important respects

a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture

judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards

general cultural traits that exist in all cultures

the ways in which a culture expresses universal traits

a group of people related by marriage, blood, or adoption

a legal union based on mutual rights and obligations

family structure composed of one or both parents and children

two or more adult generations of the same family whose members share economic resources and a common household

a marriage consisting of one man and one woman

the marriage of a male or female to more than one person at a time

a family formed when at least one of the partners in a marriage has been married before and has a child or children from a previous marriage

a marriage like living arrangement without the legal obligations and responsibilities of formal marriage

adult children who reform to the home of origin or who continue to live with parents

education that is provided and regulated by society

a nonbureaucratic approach to education used on democracy, flexibility, and noncompetitiveness

instructional method that relies on cooperation among students

an approach to education based on student-teacher collaboration

public schools that are operated like private schools by teachers and administrators

public schools that focus on particular disciplines such as fine arts or science

a society in which social status is based on ability and achievement

condition in which schooling produces the same results for lower-class and minority children as it does for other children

capacity for thinking abstractly

the unfair measurement of the cognitive abilities of people in some social categories

the achievement of a racial balance in the classroom

specific curricular programs designed to overcome a deficiency

an educational curriculum that emphasizes differences among gender, ethnic, and racial categories

the ability to control the behavior of others

control through force

power accepted as legitimate by those subject to it

authority that arises from the personality of an individual

a group organized to influence political decision making

the process by which companies reduce their workforces

a unified system of beliefs and practices concerned with sacred things

holy; set apart and given a special meaning that goes beyond or transcends immediate existence

nonsacred

to justify or give official approval to

one of several religious organizations that most members of a society accept as legitimate

a religious organization that arises out of a desire to reform an existing religious organization

religious organization whose characteristics are not drawn from existing religious traditions within a society

process through which the sacred loses influence over society

the resistance of secularization and the rigid audience to traditional religious beliefs, rituals, and doctrines