-
What is a Synapse? What happens there?
A specialized communication site between two cells. Synaptic knob releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft of another cell.
-
What are the four anatomical classes of neurons?
- Anaxonic
- Bipolar
- Unipolar
- Multipolar
-
-
-
-
-
*(Receptors)Relay sensation to sensory neurons
*(Proprioceptors) Monitor body position
*(Exteroceptors)Monitor sensations from the external enviornment
Sensory Neurons
-
Cells that are between sensory and motor neurons
Also responsible for higher functions
Interneurons
-
control skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands, and adipose tissues.
Motor Neurons
-
What do somatic motor neurons control?
Skeletal Muscles
-
What do Visceral motor neurons control?
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
- glands
- adipose tissue
-
What are the four types of glial cells?
- Neuroglia
- Ependymal Cells
- Microglia
- Astrocytes
- Ogliodendrocytes
-
Cells that support and protect neurons and are half the volume of the nervous system
Neuroglia
-
*Cells that form the epithelial lining fluid-filled passageway in the brain and spinal cord
*Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebral spinal fluid
Ependymal cells
-
What is the name for the mobile phagocytic cells that remove waste and pathogens from the nervous system
Microglia
-
Which cells maintain the blood-brain barrier, provide structural support for the brain, and absorb and recycle neurotransmitters?
(form scar tissue after CNS injury)
astrocytes
-
Which cells provide structural framework for the central nervous system, and myelinates those cells
Ogliodendrocytes
-
Brain tissue that is not myelinated.
Gray Matter
-
Brain Tissue that is myelinated.
White Matter
-
The process where a schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system or ogliodendrocytes in the central nervous system wrap themselves around the axon of a neuron.
Myelination
-
What two types of Glial Cells are found in the peripheral nervous system?
- Schwann Cells
- Satellite Cells
-
These cells wrap themselves around peripheral neurons
Schwann Cells
-
These cells surround cell bodies in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system and regulate the intracellular environment.
Satellite Cells
-
What happens to damaged cells in the CNS?
Astrocytes create scar tissue. Normal function is not resumed
-
What happens when peripheral nerves are damaged.
Schwann cells regenerate, and partial function can possibly resume.
-
What is resting potential? how is it created and maintained?
70mV, the transmembrane potential of an undisturbed cell. It is created by regulating the number of sodium and potassium ions entering and leaving a cell.
-
What are the three types of gated channels and how do they each operate?
- Chemically Gated Channels
- Voltage-Gated Channels
- Mechanically-Gated Channels
-
These channels operate by opening in the presence of a specific neurotransmitter
Chemically-Gated Channels
-
These gated channels operate by opening and closing according to a specific transmembrane potentials.
Voltage-Gated Channels
-
these channels open in the pressence of pressure, and close in it's absence
Mechanically-Gated Channels
-
localized changes in the transmembrane potential
Graded Potential
-
This happens when a stimulus causes the sodium gated channels to open allowing sodium to flood in.
Depolarization.
-
This occurs when the stimulus is removed from a cell after depolarization as the potential moves back to resting levels.
Repolarization.
-
This happens after repolarization, as potassium channels open to move the potential back up to resting levels
hyperpolarization
-
What events are involved in the generation of an activation potential?
A graded depolarization brings an area of excitable membrane to threshold (-60mV).
Voltage-gated sodium channels open and sodium ions move into the cell. The transmembrane potential rises to +30mV
Sodium channels close, voltage-gated potassium channels open, and potassium ions move out of the cell. Repolarization begins.
Potassium channels close, and both sodium and potassium channels return to their normal states.
-
Continuous Propegation
Occurs on an unmyelinated axon. Is slower
-
Saltatory Propegation
Occurs on Myelinated Axons, way faster
-
-
-
-
Excitatory Postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
A graded depolarization of the transmembrane potential. Occurs as a result of a neurotransmitter, it raises it closer to threshold so a smaller causing a smaller push needed to get to threshold.
-
Facilitation
when an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential has occured, so less stimulus is required to reach threshold.
-
Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (ISPS)
This happens when the potassium channels are opened causing hyperpolarization. This inhibits the neuron because a very large depolarizing stimulus is required to reach threshold
-
How many spinal cord nerves are typically found in the human spine?
31
-
How are the spinal cord nerves numbered?
- C1 - C8 Cervical
- T1 - T12 Thoracicy
- L1 - L5 Lumbar
- S1 - S5 Sacral
-
Where does the spinal cord end?
at the first or second lumbar vertabrae
-
What is the difference between the white and gray matter in the spinal cord?
- White matter myelinated axons
- Gray matter cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
-
Outermost meninges
dura mater
-
middle meninges layer
arachnoid mater (subarachnoid space)
-
innermost layer of the meninges?
pia mater
-
what space is the CSF located?
subarachnoid space
-
Where is the epidural space?
between the dura mater and vertebral canal
-
what is a dermatome?
an area of skin that is innervated by one spinal nerve
-
What is a plexus?
a complex interwoven network of nerves
-
what are the major nerve plexuses?
- Cervical Plexus
- Brachial Plexus
- Lumbar Plexus
- Sacral Plexus
-
What is a reflex arc?
a neural pathway that controls an action reflex
-
what are the components of a reflex arc
- sensory nerve
- sensory neuron
- CNS
- motor neuron
- peripheral effector
-
what is the stretch reflex?
- monosynaptic reflex
- provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length
- patellar reflex is one
-
What is the withdrawal reflex?
move affected body parts away from stimulus
-
what purpose does reflex testing serve?
they indicate whether or not there is damage to higher centers or descending tracts in adults
-
What are the major regions of the Brain
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brain Stem
- Deincephelon
|
|
