Organic molecules 4of4 (Nucleic acids)

• Huge organic molecules (macromolecules)
• Chain of repeating monomers called nucleotides.
• Contain C, H, O, N, and P.
• Two types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

• The monomer of nucleic acids
• Made of a phosphate group (PO4^3-), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA) and a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T (or U in RNA))
• Named according to their nitrogenous base (adenine nucleotide).

• Bond in two ways
• 1. Covalent bonds alternating between the phosphate groups and pentose sugars to form chains the backbone of nucleic acids.
• 2. In DNA two chains bond through hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases which are then called base pairs (A-T(U in RNA), C-G).

• Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine ( or Uracil)
• Categorized as PURINES and PYRIMIDINES
• Form hydrogen bonds with each other. Guanine with Cytosine, and Adenine with Thymine (or Uracil in RNA)

• Larger double-ringed bases. 
• Adenine and Guanine
•         _   _
• pure As Gold

• Smaller single-ring bases.
• Cytosine and Thymine (or Uracil)
• _    _         
• Cut The py

• Deoxyribonucleic 
• Forms the inherited genetic material in cells (chromosomes)
• Consists of two nucleic acids connected at their nitrogenous bases to form a double helix. If you have one strand of DNA you know what the connecting strand consists of sense A-T and G-C.
• When DNA is copied, cells divide to increase number, it splits at the hydrogen bonds to act as a template to form a complementary strand.

• A segment of DNA that forms a protein or serves a specific purpose (inherited traits).
• Alleles are genes with a slightly different sequence of base pairs (code for a different version of same trait)
• Mutations are permanent changes in the base sequence of DNA

• A single stand of nucleotides with the nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil.
• Its pentose sugar is ribose, as where DNA's is deoxyribose.
• RNA is used to guide the synthesis of proteins and amino acids.
• RNAP (RNA Polymerase) is an enzyme that creates mRNA (copy of a gene) using one side of DNA as a template which is called transcription.

• Watson and Crick
• The form DNA takes, a double helix formed from hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.

DNA is stored in a cells nucleus, RNAP (RNA Polymerase) creates a mRNA of a segment of DNA (gene) which leaves the nucleus and is used to guide the formation of proteins, which create your phenotypes (what you physically look like).

• Adenosine Triphosphate
• Made of an adenosine (adenine and a pentose sugar ribose) and three phosphate groups.
• ATP provides energy needed for cellular activities through hydrolysis of a phosphate group which releases energy (heat) to power endergonic reactions.

• Muscular contractions
• Movement of chromosomes during cell division
• Movement of structures within cells
• Transport of substances across cell membranes
• Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones.

• ATPase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and H2O into ADP, a phosphate group, and energy (heat). ***FORMS ADP
• ATP synthase catalyzes the synthesis of ATP and H2O from ADP, a phosphate group, and energy (heat). ***FORMS ATP

• How cells get the energy to synthesize ATP.
• The catabolism of glucose in cells.
• Has two phases: anaerobic and aerobic

• Anaerobic (CR) is a series of reactions that PARTIALLY catabolize glucose into a pyruvic acid, which do not require oxygen.
• Each glucose molecule converted into a pyruvic acid molecule yields two molecules of ATP.

• In the presence of oxygen, glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
• These reactions generate heat and 36 or 38 ATP molecules.