-
Decoding
The ability to convert a word from print to speech
-
Alphabetic Principle
Written letters represent spoken sounds
-
Matthew Effect
- good reading skills= more reading
- more reading= better reading skills
-
Every Child, Every Day
- reads something he or she chooses
- reads accurately (fluency)
- reads something he or she understands
- writes about something personally meaningful
- listens to a fluent adult read aloud
- talks with peers about reading and writing
-
Phonological awareness
- the ability to break language down into parts:
- sentences into words
- compound words into word parts
- words into syllables
- words into onset and rime
- words into phonemes
-
Print Awareness
- includes knowledge of the forms and functions of print:
- functions of print
- conventions of print
- book conventions
-
Phonics
systematic and explicit instruction between sounds (phonemes) and letters (graphemes)
-
Letter knowledge
- learning the letter shapes
- associating shapes with names (arbitrary)
- learning the sound of each letter (not arbitrary)
-
Print referencing
it is a read aloud strategy that directs students attention to the forms and function of print
-
What are characteristics of early literacy?
- print awareness
- letter knowledge
- phonemic awareness
-
what are the characteristics of decoding?
- phonics
- irregular word reading
- multisyllabic word reading
-
what are the characteristics of fluency?
-
What does the fourth grade slump refer to?
the shift from learning to read to reading to learn
-
phoneme
the smallest unit of spoken language that makes a difference in the words meaning
-
Accuracy
the ability to recognize or decode words correctly
-
Rate
speed or ability to read words automatically, which frees cognition to comprehend
-
Prosody
features that convey information beyond that provided by the actual word: pitch, stress, adn phrasing
-
levels of text difficulty
- independent level: 95% and higher
- instructional level: 94-90%
- frustration level: lower than 90%, never use for fluency training
-
Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) score
- it's the score of the words a student can read accurately in one minute
- calculate it by the number of words read accurately divided by the total words read
-
speed/accuracy trade off
- slow down because they are too concerned with accuracy
- go to fast and miss a bunch of words
-
six influences on reading difficulty
- comprehension: goes both ways
- automaticity: words recognized by sight
- speed/ accuracy of decoding
- metacognition and purpose of reading: students must make decisions in terms of rate and prosody
- vocabulary size: words in oral vocab are more easily recognized and understood
- motivation and engagement
-
Fluency Instruction
- independent oral reading
- repeated oral reading: choral reading, repeated reading
- assisted reading: teacher assisted, peer assisted, audio assisted
-
How to correct reading mistakes
- reading wrong word: stop, read wrong word, give correct word, ask them to repeat word
- stuck on word: give 4 seconds, give the word, have them repeat the word
- skip a word: stop, you skipped a word
- added an extra word: stop, you added a word
- * Always end with them rereading the sentence.
-
Prosody
- They are the features that convey information beyond that provided by the actual words themselves:
- pitch (intonation, inflection)
- stress patterns
- phrasing (chunking groups of phrases into meaningful units)
|
|
