-
Growth Hormone
(GH, somatotropin)
source: pituitary - anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
stimulates protein synthesis
-
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
source: adenohypophysis
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete primarily cortisol
-
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH)
source: adenohypophysis
stimulates thyroid gland
-
Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
source: adenohypophysis
- women: stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion
- men: stimulates sperm production
-
Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
source: adenohypophysis
- women:stimulates maturation of ovum and ovulation
- men: stimulates secretion of testosterone
-
Prolactin
(PRL)
source: adenohypophysis
stimulates breast milk production during lactation
-
Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH, or vasopressin)
source: pituitary posterior lobe, neurohypophysis
increases reabsorption of water in kidney
-
Oxytocin
(OT)
source: neurohypophysis
- stimulates contraction of uterus after delivery
- stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation
-
Insulin
source: pancreas - beta cells of islets of Langerhans
- transport of glucose and other substances into cells
- lowers blood glucose level
-
Glucagon
Source: pancreas - alpha cells
- glycogenolysis in liver
- increases blood glucose level
-
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
source: parathyroid gland
increases blood calcium level by stimulating bone demineralization and increasing absorption of Ca++ in the digestive tract and kidneys
-
Calcitonin
source: thyroid gland
decreases release of calcium from the bone to lower blood calcium level
-
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
source: thyroid gland
increases metabolic rate in all cells
-
Aldosterone
source: adrenal cortex
increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney
-
Cortisol
source: adrenal cortex
- anti-inflammatory and decreases immune response
- catabolic effect on tissues; stress response
-
Norepinephrine
source: adrenal medulla
general vasoconstriction
-
Epinephrine
source: adrenal medulla
- stress response
- visceral and cutaneous vasoconstriction
- vasodilation in skeletal muscle
- increases rate and force of heart contraction
- bronchodilation
-
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- - results from insufficient insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels & mobilization of lipids.
- - more common in Type 1 DM.
- - usually develops over a few days & may be initiated by an infection or stress, which increases the demand for insulin in the body. May also result from an error in dosage or overindulgence in food or alcohol.
- - s/s are related to dehydration, metabolic acidosis & electrolyte imbalances
- - dehydration signs: thirst; dry, rough oral mucosa; warm, dry skin. Rapid, deep respirations (Kussmaul's) & acetone breath (sweet, fruity smell).
- - metabolic acidosis develops as ketoacids bind w/ bicarbonate ions in the buffer, leading to decreased serum bicarbonate levels and decreased serum pH. As dehydration progresses, renal compensation is reduced, acidosis becomes decompensated, and serum pH falls, resulting in loss of consciousness.
- - Electrolyte imbalances include imbalances of sodium, potassium, & chloride. Signs include primarily abdominal cramps, N/V, as well as lethargy & weakness. Actual serum values of electrolytes may be misleading because the proportion of water lost can affect the serum level even though the electrolytes were lost in the urine. Serum sodium is often low, but the potassium concentration may be elevated because of acidosis. If the condition remains untreated, CNS depression develops owing to acidosis & dehydration, leading to coma.
-
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC)
- - develops more frequently in patients w/ Type 2 DM
- - often older patient is an older person with an infection or one who has overindulged in carbohydrates, thereby using more insulin than anticipated.
- - hyperglycemia & dehydration develop because of relative insulin deficit, but sufficient insulin is available to prevent ketoacidosis. Therefore, the condition may be difficult to diagnose initially.
- - severe cellular dehydration results in neurologic deficits, muscle weakness, difficulties with speech & abnormal reflexes.
-
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- - more severe
- - occurs more frequently in children & adolescents
- - genetic factor; insulin deficit results from destruction of pancreatic beta cells in an autoimmune reaction, resulting in an absolute deficit of insulin in the body & requiring replacement therapy
- - acute complications such as hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis are more likely to occur in Type 1
- - major factor predisposing to strokes (CVA), heart attacks, peripheral vascular disease, & amputation, kidney failure & blindness
-
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- - age at onset: older, but also younger adults
- - onset: insidious
- - etiology: familial, lifestyle & environmental factors, obesity
- - body weight: obese
- - plasma insulin level: decreased or normal
- - tx: diet & exercise or oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin replacement
- - occurrence of hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis: less common
- - decreased effectiveness of insulin or a relative deficit of insulin. This abnormality may involve decreased pancreatic beta cell production of insulin, increased resistance by body cells to insulin, increased production of glucose by the liver, or a combination of these factors.
- - may be controlled by adjusting the need for insulin by: regulating dietary intake, increase use of glucose (exercise), reducing insulin resistance, stimulating the beta cells of the pancreas to produce more insulin
- - higher prevalence in African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans
-
-
-
Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone Syndrome
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn's & Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Acute & Chronic Gastritis
-
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
-
-
Hodgkin's & non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
-
-
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
-
-
-
-
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Scarring vs. healing: keloid formation
-
-
The healing process in bones
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
-
Cancer of testes & prostate
-
-
Language disorders: Aphasia: Receptive (sensory) & Expressive (Motor) Aphasia
-
Intracranial Pressure (ICP): vital signs & changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Third-spacing: e.g. edema, ascites, pleural effusion, hypoalbuminemia
-
Sodium Imbalance: Hyponatremia & Hypernatremia
-
Potassium Imbalance: Hypokalemia & Hyperkalemia
-
Calcium Imbalance: Hypocalcemia & Hypercalcemia
-
Phosphate & Chloride Imbalance
-
-
-
-
-
-
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
-
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
-
Pyelonephritis: acute & chronic
-
Glomerulonephritis: acute & chronic
-
-
-
Acute & Chronic Renal Failure
-
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis
-
-
-
-
-
-
|
|