-
What kind of nutrient comes in large quantities?
Macronutrients aka essential nutrients
C,H, N, O, P, S, Na, Cl, k, Fe, Mg
-
Nutrition in small quantities of this is called what?
Micronutrients trace elements such as Zn, Mn, and Cu
-
Organic nutrient that cannot be made by microbes that you must get from a food source, whats that called?
Growth factor: these nutrients cannot be synthesized aka essential elements, obtained from food.
-
A mineral ion that is important to the cytochromes?
Iron is an important component of the cythchrome proteins of cell respiration
-
A mineral ion that is iomportant to the chloroplasts is?
Magnesium is a component of clorophyll and a stabalizer of cell respiration
-
What does phototroph mean?
Ability to capture energy of light rays and transform it into chemical energy that can be used in cell metabolism called photosynthesis
-
What is the definition of autotroph?
A microorganism that requires only inorganic nutrients and whose sole source of carbon is carbon dioxide. Depends on co2 for its carbon needs.
-
What does heterotroph refer to?
- An organism that relies upon organic compounds for its carbon energy needs.
- Most hetertrophs are chemohetrotrophs. i.e. aerobic respiration
-
What does chemotroph refer to?
Chemotrophs - extracts energy from inorganic substances. Energy from chemicals
-
Organisms that feed off dead things are called?
Saprobes (saprobic microorgansims)
-
What is the definition of osmosis, diffusion and active transport?
- These 3 are all transportation mechanisms to get nutrients across a cell membrane and into a cell.
- Osmosis - diffusionof water across selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration. passive transport requires no energy
- Diffusion- The dispersal of molecules, ions, or microscopic particles propelled down a concentration gradient by spontanteous random motion to achieve uniform distribution
- Active transport - nutrient transport method that requires carrier proteins in the membrances of living cells and expenditure of energy
-
What is endocytosis?
- the process of carrying particles into cells.
- 2 types.
- 1. phagocytosis - uses pseudopods to engulf particles
- 2. pinocytosis - use vesicles called, microvilli, oil fuses with membrane and are released into the cell.
-
What is facillitated diffusion?
the passive movement of a substance across a plasma membrane from an area of lower concentration utilizing specialized carrier proteins
-
Definition of binary fission aka transverse fission?
the formation of two new daughter cells of approx. equal size as the result of parent cell divison
-
Define generation time?
- Time required for complete fission cycle
- from parent cell to 2 new daughter cells, calso called double timing.
-
Know the stages/phases of the microbial growth curve, what each phase represents? (is growing more then its dying, opposite or the same)
Lag->exponetial growth->stationary->death->final outcomes vary from culture
-
Chemical reactions in microbes are called?
- enzymes are catalyst for anabolism - synthetic reaction that converts small molecules into big one
- catabolism - chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism, large molecules are degraded
- metabolites are created from anabolism and catabolism process
-
Bacteria cell walls are made of what?
Peptioglycan
-
Peptioglycan are made of two units, nag and nam. When you break this down, what is this called?
Catabolism
-
What are enzymes?
- protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions
- speeds up reactions by lowering the energy required
- are resusable and do not degrade
- acts on specific molecule or substrate
-
When you make a amino acid from protein what is it called?
Anabolism
-
What is an apoenzyme?
the protein part of an enzyme, as opposed to the nonprotein or inorganic factors
-
What is a holoenzyme?
An enzyme complete with its apoenzyme and cofactors can be organic called coenzymes or inorganic (metal ions). These are needed for the enzyme to become functional.
-
What is a coenzyme? what do they do? what helps them to work better?
- a complez organic molecule
- operates in conjunction with an enzyme and serves as a transient carriers of specific atoms or functional groups during metabolic reactions
- most common component are vitamins
-
When you have enough enzymes to operate your body, what happens?
enzyme repression starts
-
When you go through metabolisms, when you operate your body, where do the electrons go? what molecule do they produce?
-
What is the final electron acceptor for cellular respiration?
- o2 is the final step by accepting the electrons and H. water produced. this is an example of aerobic respiration.
- this all takes place along the electronic transport system
-
In bacteria, where is the electron transport chain/system located?
cell membrane
-
In what part/phase in cellular respiration where ATP is made?
ATP is made in the third stage via oxidative phosphoryation of aerobic respiration
-
When you have full oxygen, and you completely break down sugar, how much ATP is made?
38 ATP, pg 238
-
When you do not have oxygen, you go through anerobic respiration, what chemicals in your body can be used to accept electrons?
- NO3, NO2, carbonates, sulfates.
- Uses O2 containing ions instead of O2 as a final electron acceptor, fermentation is an example
-
Cyanide kills people, why? How does it do it?
Blocks cytochrome oxidase thereby terminating aerobic respiration but it harmless to the bacteria
|
|
