PSY 469 Final

Preferred terms for "Child Prostitution"

___ as defined by Federal Law, is the commercial sexual exploitation of children within U.S. borders.

- Person is a U.S. citizen or Lawful permanent resident under the age of 18

any sex act in which anything of value is given to or received by any person

• - prostitution
• - stripping
• - porno

___-___ is the average age of entry into prostitution in the United States

Compared to other races, ___ girls represented the highest percentage of underage sex trafficking victims (63%)

title given to a prostitute who is the most trusted by the pimp

act of a prostitute giving her money to a pimp

when a prostitute begins working for a pimp, she is said to have chosen that pimp

a strictly forbidden act in which a prostituted girl looks at another pimp - she then belongs to the new pimp

select group of tracks or cites that pimps transport prostitutes to in order to work

Western Circuit cites include ____ among others

a set area known for prostitution activity.

what pimps require the prostitutes to call them

group of people under the control of one pimp who plays the role of daddy

the exchange when prostitution takes place or the activity of prostitution

sending the prostituted people to the buyer's location

arranging to have the buyer come to a house/apartment which may be the workplace of a single prostitute/small brothel

price set by a pimp that must be paid by a prostitute when she wants to leave the pimp

- The fee usually increases each day

a pimp who prides himself on controlling others primarily through psychological manipulation .... the threat of violence is always there.

one who controls his victims almost entirely through violence

the sub-culture of prostitution.

There are established rules, hierarchy, and language

the person buying a prostitute

the experience of being used in prostitution

a prostitute who works at truck stops

a female pimp, uncommon in street settings

the condition of a prostitute who has broke a rule set by her pimp; a prostitute who contacts/looks at another pimp is ___

amount of money a prostituted person must turn over to the pimp before she can come in for the night

Can range from $300-$2000

a person not under control of a pimp.  Very rare - almost with no exception, juveniles are not among these

any person not involved in the prostitution subculture

terms for all of the prostitutes belonging to one pimp

what women in a pimp's stable call each other

combination of psychological manipulation, intimidation, gang rape, sodomy, beatings, deprivation of food & sleep, cutting off from family, friends and other sources of support, and threatening or holding hostage of victim's children.

Purpose is to totally break down victim's resistance & ensure she will do anything she is told

used to describe being forced into prostitution & a person newly involved in prostitution; may also be used when referring to the first pimp a prostitute ever had

Who are the traffickers

___ may remain after exploitation and victim may identify pimp as a boyfriend

___ may be established with other victims controlled by the pimp

The methods and tactics of trafficking children may vary at different times; however, the intention is similar to

The tactics used for trafficking children are designed to maximize ___ and ___ of the victim.

Entice, small investment, bottom bitch

Plays up freedom and the good life

Overwhelms her with love, affection, special relationship

Pedestal effect, past history, deepest desires and aspirations

Selling the dream

Mock incest-daddy, special time together

Emotional dependence

Under exploiter's constant watch

Pimp provides for your basic needs - the real "debt" begins

Girl takes on new identity/name

Threats, emotional blackmail, investment payback

Use past history and deepest desires

Uses violence, love, affection, attention to control, manipulate

Gives and withholds purposefully

a coat hanger that's been unraveled and doubled over; occasionally the pimp puts heats it on a stove to increase the degree of pain

use torture practices by locking them into closets, trunks of cars, or rooms for indeterminate amounts of time

offering nicknames, street names both for endearment and to erase former identity

instruct the prostitute how to talk, walk, what to wear, when to eat, when to sleep, where to sleep

inducement of viewing pornography to learn how to have sex

____ as defined by Federal Law is a severe form of trafficking in persons

use of sophisticated methods of manipulating the human desire to hope through use of lies about a better future life ... children especially vulnerable to this

the child experiences a strong link to the pimp/exploiter based in what the child perceives as an incredibly intense or important relationship, but one in which there has been an exploitation of trust or power

a learned tactic for survival and can be common between exploited children and the exploiter

Intervention Targets

___ created juvenile court

Separate juvenile court established in ___

Provided for a system of ___

right to intervene in child's best inrerest in early juvenile system

Early juvenile courts considered to be more ___ than adult courts

Early juvenile system

___ not considered a necessity.

Children considered more amenable to ___

Sometimes charged without ___

a Convicted Juvenile

Peak crime in 90s due to ___

Most juvenile arrests are of ___

specific to juveniles and are not considered crimes (i.e. truancy, out past curfew)

For status offenses, the ___ has exclusive original jurisdiction

Criminal acts committed by a juvenile

For delinquent offenses, the ___ has exclusive original jurisdiction

Court ruling in the case of ___ v. ___ allows preventative detention to protect child from themselves

(aka ____)

Juveniles are taken into custody if ___

Juveniles are not entitled to ___

juvenile trial

Plea options for juveniles

when jurisdictions require that parents/guardians be present during an interrogation

community programming

two forms of detention

a juvenile "charge"

If a case is not diverted, then a ___ is filed

juvenile due process (Gault)

- no constitutional right to ___ trial

Juvenile sentence

the most common disposition

Prostitution is NOT an ___ crime

The biggest effect of therapy is seen after ____

People will resort to "self injurious behavior" (SIB) in order to ____

___ funds most victims for counseling  - grant money from state/county

Whoever has ___, has the right to make decisions ... usually geographic

Juvenile court can retain jurisdiction til age ___, or age ___ if it's a sex offense

Case that found that Juveniles were not getting due process ...

- now there is a hearing BEFORE judicial transfer to criminal (Adult) court

- court provides guidelines (factors to consider before transfer)

factors to consider before transfer of a juvenile to criminal court

- provided by the court

In ___ (AKA ___)

- written notice of charges

- Juveniles have the right to a lawyer

- Able to invoke privilege against self-incrimination (use the 5th Amendment)

- Able to confront and cross-examine witness

Burden of Proof (aka ___) for juveniles: ___

case that gave juveniles "double jeopardy protection"

- cannot be tried as a juvenile and adult

states that juveniles have no constitutional right to a jury trial

If a minimum age to retain jurisdiction is not stated, it is assumed to be age ___

___ research - ___ theory

life-course-persistent (LCP) vs.

adolescent-limited (AL) offenders

Earliest signs of delinquency usually ___ in/during ___

path begins at an early age and persistent into adulthood

- aggressive and violent crimes

-ADHD, neurological problems

- Less social skills

- Problems date back to early years

path begins around puberty and ends in young adulthood (more common and less serious than the other path)

- drug/alcohol offenses, theft, status offenses

- have better social/ interpersonal skills

Major contributors to early-onset delinquency according to the ___ Model.

- poor parental monitoring of child activities

- disruptive family transition (divorce)

- inconsistent parental discipline

Key predictor of early-onset offending is family environment in which child learns to use ___ (temper tantrums/whining) to escape ___ and ___.

Girls with ADHD tend to be more ___

Boys with ADHD tend to ___

Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD has NO distinct ___ signs - it's identified through ___, which may vary among children.

amount of information we can remember and attend to for a short time (i.e. ph#, directions)

ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli and not be distracted

ability to maintain persistent focus over time or when fatigued

the inability to sustain attention, particularly for repetitive, structured, and less enjoyable tasks

may be thought of as a single dimension and/or as part of a more fundamental deficit in behavioral inhibition

___ behavior is excessively energetic, intense, inappropriate, and not goal directed

Children with ADHD show more ___ than other children, especially in the classroom when asked to sit

- can display ___, ___, or both

disorganized, hurried thinking

acting without considering consequences, difficulty inhibiting behavior responses

Impulsive behaviors include

ADHD shows early in childhood - before age ___

ADHD - ___ are overrepresented

Cause of ADHD is not clear: ___ predisposition v. ___ factors

___ is a disorder of interpersonal relationships and may include:

- ___ disorders (and ___ diagnosis)

A. a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months

B. behaviors DO NOT occur exclusively during Psychotic/Mood Disorder

C. Criteria are not met for Conduct Disorder or (if over 18) for Antisocial Personality Disorder

a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms/rules are violated within the last 12 months

• - aggression to people and animals
• - destruction of property
• - Deceitfulness or theft
• - Serious violations of rules

onset of at least one criterion characteristic of Conduct Disorder prior to age 10

more likely to be boys

aggressive

persist in antisocial behavior over time

absence of any criteria characteristic of Conduct Disorder before age 10

just as likely to be boys as girls

do not show the severity/psychopathology of the alternative onset

less likely to commit violent offenses or persist in their antisocial behavior over time

Although most cases of Conduct Disorder are preceded by ___ and most children with CD continue to display ___ symptoms, most children with ___ do NOT progress to more severe CD.

a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of the rights of others, as well as engagement in multiple illegal acts

As many as ___% of children with Conduct Disorder (CD) later develop Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD).

___ plays a role in the development of delinquent behavior

- Lower ___ leads to higher rate of delinquency

____ and ___ linked to low language proficiency

- delayed development increases stress and frustration

- tend to use more physically aggressive tacticts

As ___ develops, aggression will decrease

capacity to control and alter one's behavior and emotions

- taught by parents

deliberate problem solving and the regulation of one's thoughts, actions, and emotions

- related to the concept of self-regulation

Definite ___ component to "temperament."

Brain chemistry in relation to criminal behavior

• -
• -
• -

Hormones in relation to criminal behavior

Three main types of Juvenile Waivers (transfers)

aka: bind-over, transfer, discretionary waiver

Focus is on offender and Potential for treatment

Judges use discretion to send juveniles to adult court for adjudication

Original drive behind waivers: ___

Most were waived for ___/___ offenses.

Factors judges use to determine whether to transfer or amenability to treatment based on ___ v. ___

Judicial Transfer: Burden of Proof

The ___ always has the burden and it's generally ___ (some states use clear and convincing)

standard of proof requiring that a judge or jury find that the plaintiff's version of the facts is more probable than not 

the weight of the evidence is greater for one side than the other (51+%)

standard of proof requires that the truth of issue be highly probable

aka automatic waiver, mandatory waiver

focuses on offense

Juveniles automatically transferred based on age and specific offense

Legislative Waiver procedure

- ___ receives case initially

- ___ hearing to determine if legislative (mandatory) waiver applies (probable cause) ... ___ issues are NOT presented

- issue a ___ order

aka direct file, concurrent jurisdiction (waiver) - does NOT exist in Nevada

- occurs when state has concurrent jurisdiction statutes: prosecutor decided to file juvenile/criminal court

In Prosecutorial Waivers

- generally NOT subject to ___ review

• - generally NOT required to be based on ___
• ... offense seriousness usually less than ___ for statutory exclusion, mandatory, presumptive waiver

Prosecutorial Waiver in CA

If a juvenile who is 16 y.o. ...

If a juvenile who is 14 y.o. ...

removes certain offenses or age/offense/prior record combination from juvenile court jurisdiction

- Juvenile court has NO involvement! Case goes straight to criminal court

In statutory exclusion, if a prosecutor charges a juvenile with an excluded offense, case is filed in ___ court (but a ___ waiver may be used by juvenile)

can petition to have Statutory Exclusion case moved to juvenile court

___ bears burden of proof to establish best interest of public or juvenile.

In NV, a reverse waiver may be used if a child shows exceptional circumstances and ___ court must determine that said circumstances warrant ___ of the case

if a juvenile started in or transferred into criminal court, they are forever excluded from the juvenile court.

- most states require a felony conviction.

- CA does NOT require any conviction

- NV: must be convicted of a criminal offense

Juveniles in ___ are

• - rearrested less often
• - at a lower rate
• - after more time elapsed

Once transferred into the adult system, the age of juveniles becomes a ___ factor.

- they are not given a stiffer penalty in adult court

Juvenile in juvenile court may face ___ confinement that offender tried in adult court; and the ___ a juvenile is incarcerated, the more likely they are to recidivate

Role of psychologists in Juvenile court assessments -

• -
• -
• -

laws allowing for the civil commitment of individuals who are found likely to commit future acts of sexual violence after incarceration

congenital or acquired condition affecting the emotional or volitional capacity which predisposes the person to commit sexually violent offenses in a degree constituting such a person a menace to the health and safety of others

___ challenged the SVP laws

Kansas Supreme Court invalidated act

U.S. Supreme Court reversed the decision

special issue in Kansas v. Crane

clarification of Hendricks

need demonstration of some mental illness, abnormality, disorder

need demonstration of some inability to control

Praise of Kansas cases

Criticism of Kansas cases

the decision to place someone in a psychiatric facility against their will

Procedures required for "due process" of Involuntary Civil Commitment

- Last quarter of 20th Century

Involuntary Civil Commitment -

• Typical Statute:
• ___ emergency detention and evaluation; ___ intensive treatment; long term ____

Involuntary Civil Commitment

• Short Term:
• ___ hours; then a ___ is needed; ___ is common

Involuntary Civil Commitment

• Long Term:
• ___ unconstitutional; typical ___ review

___ needed for Long Term involuntary civil commitment

standard of proof needed for Involuntary Civil Commitment

___ of mental disorder and dangerousness to self or others

Researchers preferred term for Dangerousness

When looking at Grave Disability, ____ not always considered

Civil Commitment Proceedings

___ of required procedures not uncommon

Civil Commitment Proceedings - Problems

Attorneys ___; not perform ___ roles

Judges ____ to mental health recommendations or ___ attorneys from ___

___ not always considered

Exams ___ or ___

Respondents NOT ___

Civil Commitment Proceedings are cursory ... possibly due to ___

caring for patients in the community

___ often seen in re-commitment proceedings for civil commitment

laws that mandate psychotherapists to take "reasonable care" to protect their clients' identifiable potential victims

Held in the case of ___

Many clinicians accept the ___ Spirit

strategy for psychologists to predict future violence WITHOUT the guidance of any rules on how to collect and combine information (aka intuitive approach)

- uses social history, interview, personal contacts, comment and recommendations by others, psychological testing

a method of prediction that uses relevant risk factors which are systematically combined (typically using a statistical equation) to calculate an estimate of the probability of future violence.

strong preference for actuarial method

support for recognizing clinical judgement

supported by ___, ___ combines knowledge from clinical practice and empirical knowledge

the statistical prevalence of a behavior in a given group over a set period of time (one year)

Actuarial method is based on statistics of ___

- Also uses ___

idiographic, qualitative approach (specific individual and subjective judgments)

based on experience in working with group of clients

- intuitive and subjective

- courts generally responded better

nomothetic, quantitative approach (large groups and statistics)

based on how groups of individuals with similar characteristics have acted in the past.

If you have a ___ base rate (i.e. 1%), it's difficult to predict behavior

Even a good risk assessment will ___ people to be violent

___ risk factors change over time - i.e. moods, attitudes, thought processes

___ Dynamic risk factors change slowly over time

___ Dynamic risk factors change more rapidly (i.e. intoxication)

___ risk factors are unchangeable (i.e. age, sex)

___ risk factors may predict recidivism as well as or better than ___ risk factors.

___ factors are a better predictor of recidivism for sex offenders

a risk assessment tool which is a guided professional judgment instrument that helps clinicians estimate a person's probability of being violent based on 20 historical, clinical, and risk factors

• - ___ historical
• - ___ present clinical
• - ___ future risk

In an HCR-20, each item is scored:

0: ___

1: ___

2: ___

requires states to make personal and private information about known sex offenders available to the public - "community notification"

____, created by Quinsey, is an actuarial risk assessment instrument constructed to improve predictive accuracy.

- specifies 12 variables to predict violence

- developed on a mentally ill Canadian criminal population to predict recidivism

___ best predictor of violent recidivism - according to VRAG

Clinical predictions have an issue with ___; in that they explain behavior in terms of the person, limiting impact of environmental circumstances.

Risk assessment measure: ___

12-18 y.o.

- 24 items in 3 domains (?)

- 3 level rating structure (?)

- 6 protective factors - present/absent

reasons Dynamic and Risk Management factors are overlooked compared to historical risk factors

(4)

Sometimes psychiatric symptoms are ___, in that they are readily apparent in a person's thoughts and behaviors ... otherwise they may be ___.