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What is afferent and efferent
- afferent sensory
- efferent is motor
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lumbar cistern
contains the cauda equina formed by the dura mater
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spinal tap
used to obtain CSF needle between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5
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mixed spinal nerves
contains both afferent and efferent
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Dermatome
Area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branch of a single spinal nerve
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Injury to musculocutaneous
weakened forearm flexion and supination
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Injury to radial nerve
inability to extend the wrist, wrist drop, inability to extend the forearm
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Injury to median nerve
inability to flex 2nd and 3rd fingers, thenar function is weakened
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injury to ulnar nerve
loss of hand muscles except thenar group
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CNS
brain and spinal cord, dictates motor commands
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PNS
- Cranial and spinal nerves
- carry info to and from the spinal cord
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Somatic PNS
voluntary, conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
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Autonomic PNS
involuntary control (visceral motor), controls heard, smooth smooth muscles, and glands
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Autonomic Sympathetic
mobilizes body system during energy situation
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Autonomic Parasympathetic
Conserves energy, promotes nonemergency function
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neurons
excitable cells that transmit an electrical signal or action potential, do not replicate, and highly metabolic (oxygen and glucose)
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Multipolar neurons
many processes, many dendrites
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Bipolar Neurons
2 Processes, one from each side of the body, one dendrite and one axon
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Unipolar Neuron
One process that divides sensory ganglion
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Schwann Cells
Pearl like structure on the axon
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Axon hillock
where axon starts
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What is neuroglia and what does it consist of
- Supporting cells of cns
- Astrocytes- exchange between capillary and neurons. control chemical environment and take up neurotransmitters
- Microglia- monitor the health of neuron, phagocytic
- Oligodendrocyte- supports and insulates the axon
- Ependymal cells- helps form the cerebrospinal fluid
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What are the supporting cells of the PNS
- Schwann- forms myelin sheath
- Satellite- surround cellbody of neurons in ganglions, forms circle around cell body
- ganglions- forms plexus
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Factors affecting conduction velocity of action potential
- Axon Diameter
- Myelin Sheath
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what is saltatory conduction
movement of action potentials along the axons from one node of ranvier to the next
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nodes of ranvier
space between each myelin sheath
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group a nerve fibers
somatic sensory and motor fibers, super fast AP
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group B nerve fibers
lightly mylinated,
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group c nerve fibers
slowest conducting
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What do NA+ channels do for action potentials
depolarization
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what do K+ channels do for action potentials
hyperpolarization (gets it back to threshhold)
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what is continuous conduction
NA+ and K+ jchannels open and close sequentially along the membrance
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Pre-synaptic neurons
submits action potential to the synapse of another neuron
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Post-synaptic neurons
receives action potential from synapse
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Glial Cells
astrocytes absorbs K+ ions from neurons, recapture and recycles neurotransmitters
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What is electrical synapses
gap junctions; found in brain, ion flow from one cell to another, not as much gain
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chemical synapses
no physical contact between cells; no ion flow
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acetylcholine
skeletal neuromuscular junction
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biogenic amines
made from amino acids, biological clock and mood/behavior
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dopamine
feel good, deficient parkinson and excess schizo
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epinephrine
similar to norepinephrine
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norepinephrine
sleep/wake, feeding, feelgood, attention
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Serotonin
sleep/wake, appetite, mood regulation, deficient in depression
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Histamine
wakefulness, appetite, learning and memory
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Amino Acids- GABA
inhibitoy, inhibits postsynaptic to send AP
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Amino Acids- Glycine
inhibitory
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Amino acids- Glutamate
excitatory/ causes AP
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Peptides- endorphines
natural opiates; blocks pain inhibit substance
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Peptides- Substance P
important mediator of pain transmission to PNS
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NO
learning and memory, strengthening synapse formation
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ATP
excitatory or inhibitory
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Excitatory post-synaptic potentials
often located on dendrite
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Inhibitory post synaptic potentials
cell body, open Cl- channels (Cl- enters cell and hyperpolarizes)
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temporal summation
multiple impulses sent rapidly to post synaptic neuron
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spatial summation
several pre-synaptic neurons send impulses to post synaptic simultaneously
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divergent circuits
many action potential happen from one single input
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convergent circuit
multiple input has one single output
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oscillating circuit
AP goes round and round
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