Motivation: Part 6

• secondary emotions critical for the development of the self
• social function (no survival function)

• stable self-representation
• able to focus attention on the self (this is me and communicate)
• able to evaluate based on expectations

• comes from sadness
• more painful than guilt because involves the inherent self
• experienced as shrinking, feeling small, worthless, or incompetent
• creates motivational desire to hide, escape, or strike back

• comes from sadness
• less painful than shame because it involves behaviours
• experienced as tension, remorse, or regret
• creates motivational desire to confess, apologize, or repair

• similar to attribution theory of emotions
• primary appraisal: survival threatened? yes -> basic emotion, no -> step 2
• step 2: is self-representation activated? no -> no emotion, yes -> step 3
• step 3: goal congruence? no -> no emotion, yes -> step 4
• step 4: attribution? external -> basic emotions (no control), public -> embarrassment, internal -> step 5
• step 5: stable/controllable/global? no -> guilt/pride, yes -> shame/hubris

• IM to achieve ideal self
• when reality matches ideal self -> experience of gain and happiness
• when reality does not match ideal self -> experience of shame, disappointment, and depression
• EM to achieve ought self
• when reality matches ought self -> experience of no loss and relaxation
• when reality does not match ought self -> experience of fear, guilt, and anxiety'

• after 3 (need self-representation)
• body language is the first way to communicate that something they did was wrong
• promote engagement: friendliness, guilt
• promotes disengagement: pride

• modifies cultural expression
• eg. guilt and shame are experienced differently in collectivist cultures
• modifies self-representation because in collectivist cultures others are integrated into the self

• making predictions about future affective states to help make decisions
• predictions based on hypothesized fulfillment of social or psychological needs
• multiple types of errors can co-occurr

• which side of neutral an experience will be
• usually accurate

• generally good at guessing future individual emotions
• less good at guessing future complex emotional blends

• extent of emotional level in a future state
• part of impact bias

• a guess at how long a future emotional state will last
• part of impact bias

• people have a tendency to overestimate the intensity and duration of emotions for future events
• applicable to positive and negative emotions
• trying to counter can lead to a rebound effect

• representation of future event
• assessment of potential emotional impact
• make prediction
• initial emotional experience
• ongoing emotional experience

a misrepresentation of what the future event is going to be like

focus only on the differences between two options for future courses of action without considering the similarities

• when trying to predict future events, only remember the most intense parts of similar previous events and forget other details
• affects predictions of type of emotion

forecast future emotional states dependent on your current feelings and concurrent thoughts

forget to consider a future event in the context of other-events that will co-occur

• forget that we have the ability to adjust and make any event seem ordinary
• very quickly become accustomed to both positive and negative events

tendency to underestimate our strength and capacity to experience growth post-trauma

• fix sources of error (cognitive repairs)
• predict the average future feeling
• take an observer's (vs. an actor's) point of view

• overestimate positive feelings resulting from their decisions
• extrinsic goals are highly valued
• -> overestimate how increases in money will make them feel
• don't learn from experience

• vocalism
• isolation
• ordination
• recall bias