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Main components of genetic information transfer
Amino acids and Nucleotides
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Key reaction in formation of Nucleoprotein complex:
Phosphoryl transfer
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Griffith's Experiment
- Living S cell (Fatal)
- Living R cells (Non-fatal)
- Heat-killed S cells (Non-fatal)
- Heat-killed S cells and living R cells (Fatal)
- -Living S cells found in blood sample
- -Fatal nature of S cells survived heat-killing and transferred to R cells.
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Avery Experiment:
- Took RNA, Protein, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates from S cells, added to R cells. Only the DNA cells became S cells.
- DNA is genetic material
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Hershey-Chase:
- Took a bacteriophage, marked both protein coat and DNA.
- Observed infected bacteria
- Tracers from DNA, not protein, observed in bacteria
- DNA is infection vector for bacteria.
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Two types of nucleic acids:
- Ribonucleic (have -OH at 2' posistion, RNA)
- deoxyRibonucleic (have -H at 2', DNA)
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What are the Nucleosides:
- Deoxyribonucleotides:
- -Deoxyadenylate (dAMP)
- -Deoxyguanylate (dGMP)
- -Deoxythymidylate (dTMP)
- -Deoxycytidylate (dCMP)
- Ribonucleotides:
- -Adenylate (AMP)
- -Guanylate (GMP)
- -Uridylate (UMP)
- -Cytidylate (CMP)
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Chemical Components of a Nucleotide:
Phosphate, Pentose, Purine/Pyrimidine base
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Nucleotides bases are what:
Heterocyclic
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What kind of bond joins the nitrogenous base to the pentose?
Glycosidic
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Ribose adopts what forms in nucleotides
beta-Furanose rings
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'Sugar Pucker" of Furanose rings
- One of the carbons or the oxygen is not in line, and can be 'in/endo' or 'out/exo' relative to the C5 chain that sticks out of the ring
 - This can effect distance between phosphates when nucleotides bind together and ultimately can effect the shape of the helix
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What type of bond links nucleic acids/how are they made
- Phosphodiester
- (Involves a Phosphate and creates two esters between the P and the two nucleotides, thus phosphodiester)
- Phosphoryl transfer (transfer PPi for next nucleotide)
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How many strands can a nucleic acid chain have?
1 or 2
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Base pairing
- Bases pair with specific other bases when making double stranded
- A-T (2 bonds) and C-G (3 bonds)
- Hydrogen bonds
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Base stacking
Bases have a specific distance between each other from Van der Waals forces, critical for stability
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Nucleotide have a what confomation relative to pentose?
ANTI-
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Hoogsteen base pairing enables what?
3 or 4 strands in a helix
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What furanose ring conformation is standard?
C2' endo, B-DNA, W-C Double Helix
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B-DNA conformation allows proteins to do what?
Contact nucleic acid bases
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Key differences between RNA and DNA
- Suger is ribose, not deoxyribes
- RNA is TYPICALLY single stranded
- RNA is multi-functional: protein synthesis, gene expression, enzyme
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SS RNA does what?
- Assumes varied complex secondary structures:
- 'Hairpins'
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