The typical intelligence level found for people of a given chronological age
Chronological age
A person's age according to the calendar
Intelligence quotient
A score that expresses the ratio between a person's mental and chronological ages
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5)
A test that consists of a series of items that vary according to the age of the person being tested
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and nonverbal skills
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II)
An intelligence test that measures children's ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and step-by-step thinking
Fluid intelligence
Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities
Crystallized intelligence
The accumulation of information
Triarchic theory of intelligence
The belief that intelligence consists of three aspects of information processing: the componential element
Intellectual disability
A significantly subaverage level of intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations in two or more skill areas
Mild intellectual disability
Intellectual disability with IQ scores in the range of 50 or 55 to 70
Moderate intellectual disability
Intellectual disability with IQ scores from around 35 or 50 to 50 or 55
Severe intellectual disability
Intellectual disability with IQ scores that range from around 20 or 25 to 35 or 40
Profound intellectual disability
Intellectual disability with IQ scores below 20 or 25
Gifted and talented
Showing evidence of high-performance capability in intellectual
Acceleration
The provision of special programs that allow gifted students to move ahead at their own pace
Enrichment
Approach through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic
Industry-versus-inferiority stage
According to Erikson
Social comparison
The desire to evaluate one's own behavior
Self-esteem
An individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation
Social competence
The collection of social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in social settings
Social problem-solving
The use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others
Dominance hierarchy
Rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group
Coregulation
A period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior
Self-care children
Children ho let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretakers return from work; previously known as latchkey children
Blended family
A remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them
Adolescence
The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood
Adolescent growth spurt
A period of very rapid growth in height and weight during adolescence
Puberty
The period of maturation during which the sexual organs mature
Menarche
The onset of menstruation
Secular trend
A statistical tendency observed over several generations
Primary sex characteristics
Characteristics that are associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics
The visible signs of sexual maturity that do not involve the sex organs directly
Anorexia nervosa
A severe and potentially life-threatening eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat while denying that their behavior or skeletal appearance is out of the ordinary
Bulimia
An eating disorder that primarily afflicts adolescent girls and young women
Stress
The physical response to events that threaten or challenge us
Psychosomatic disorders
Medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological
Coping
Efforts to control
Addictive drugs
Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users
Alcoholics
People who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to control their drinking
Sexually transmitted infection
A disease that is spread through sexual contact
Formal operational stage
The stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly
Information-processing approach
The perspective that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in
Metacognition
The knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition
Adolescent egocentrism
A state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view
Imaginary audience
Fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as they do themselves
Personal fables
The view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique
Fantasy period
According to Ginzberg
Tentative period
The second stage of Ginzberg's theory
Realistic period
The stage in late adolescence and early adulthood during which people explore career options through job experience or training
Communal professions
Occupations associated with relationships
Agentic professions
Occupations associated with getting things accomplished
Identity-versus-identity-confusion stage
The period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves
Identity achievement
The status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives
Identity foreclosure
The status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives
Moratorium
The status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree
Identity diffusion
The status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives
Autonomy
Having independence and a sense of control over one's life
Generation gap
A divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes
Reference groups
Groups of people with whom one compares oneself
Cliques
Groups of between two and twelve people whose members have frequent interactions with one another
Crowds
Groups larger than cliques
Sex cleavage
Sex segregation in which boys interact primarily with boys and girls primarily with girls
Controversial adolescents
Children who are like by some peers and disliked by others
Rejected adolescents
Children who are actively disliked
Neglected adolescents
Children who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions
Peer pressure
The influence of one's peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes
Undersocialized delinquents
Adolescent delinquents who are raised with little discipline or with harsh
Socialized delinquents
Adolescent delinquents who know and subscribe to the norms of society and who are fairly normal psychologically