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Forms of Energy:
- Chemical: stored in bonds
- electrical: mov of charged particles
- mechanical: directly involved in moving matter
- radiant/electromagnetic: waves (UV, visible light)
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Components of Matter:
- Atoms: building blocks for each element
- Elements: matter is composed of elements (cant be further broken down)
- Unique Properties:
- physical: senses, measurable
- chemical: how atoms interact (bond)
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Major Elements of Human Body: (majority)
- 96% of body mass:
- Hydrogen: 9.5
- Oxygen: 65
- Nitrogen: 3.2
- Carbon: 18.5
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Minor Elements of Human Body:
- 3.9% 9 elements
- Calcium: 1.5
- Phosphorus: 1
- Potassium: .4
- Sulfur: .3
- Sodium: .2
- Chlorine: .2
- Magnesium: .1
- Iodine: .1
- Iron: .1
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3 types of mixtures:
- 1 Solution
- 2 Colloid (emulsions): cytosol, large solute doesn't settle.
- 3 Suspension: blood, large solutes settle out
- Mixtures: no chemical bonding, seperated by physical means (heterogenous or homogenous)
- Compounds: chemical bonds, seperated by breaking bonds. (homogenous)
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Bonds:
- Ionic: transfer of val e- (anion / cations) NaCl
- Covalent: sharing of e-
- polar covalent: unequal sharing H20
- nonpolar covalent: equal sharing C02 (charge balanced)
- Hydrogen bonds: not true bonds
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Synthesis Reaction:
- Anabolic: A + B = AB
- Exchange Reactions (displacement): AB + C = AC + B
- Decomposition (catabolic): AB = A + B
- oxidation / reduction (Redox Reactions:
- Oxidized: electron donors
- Reduced: electron acceptors
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Energy Flow:
- All chemical reactions are either exergonic or endergonic
- exergonic: net release of energy (catabolic / oxidative reactions)
- endergonic: net gain of energy (anabolic)
- Rate: increase temp = increase rate
- increase temp= increase rate
- decrease particle size = increase rate
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