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Form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space
Electromagnetic Radiation
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All the forms of electromagnetic radiation together
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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The distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves
Wavelength
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Number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time, usually one second; SI unit is Hertz (Hz)
Frequency
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Emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal
Photoelectric Effect
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Minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom
Quantum
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A particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy
Photon
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Lowest energy state of an atom
Ground state
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State in which an atom has a higher potential energy than in its ground state
Excited state
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When a narrow beam of the emitted light was shined through a prism, it was separated into four specific colors of the visible spectrum
Line-Emission Spectrum
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The emission of a continuous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
Continuous Spectrum
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States that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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Describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles
Quantum Theory
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Specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals
Quantum Numbers
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A 3-D region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron
Orbital
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Symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron
Principal Quantum Number
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Symbolized by l, indicates the shape of the orbital
Angular Momentum Quantum Number
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Symbolized by m, indicates the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus
Magnetic Quantum Number
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Has only 2 possible values (+1/2, -1/2) which indicates the 2 fundamental spin states of an electron in an orbital
Spin Quantum Number
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Arrangement of electrons in an atom
Electron Configuration
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An electron occupies the lowest energy level that can receive it
Aufbau Principle
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No 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers
Pauli Exclusion Principle
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Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin state
Hunds Rule
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The electron-containing main energy level with the highest principal quantum number
Highest Occupied Level
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Electrons that are not in the highest occupied energy level
Inner-Shell Electrons
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The group 18 elements; inert; nonreactive. 8 e- in outermost energy level
Noble Gases
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An outer main energy level fully occupied, in most cases, by 8 electrons
Noble-Gas Configurations
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