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Relate pKw, pH, and pOH:
- pKw=pH+pOH=14
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Find Ka given Kb or vice versa
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Periodic trends in acid strength
- Stronger across a period because higher electronegativity of the central atom holds the electron of the H atom more tightly.
- Stronger down a period because bond length gets longer, so bond strength gets weaker.
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what happens when a small highly positive metal ion is in water?
- Because water is a polar molecule, the negative pole of water (O) is attracted to the (+) charge of the metal. - Hydration
- If the positive charge is great enough (2+ or 3+ typically) then it attracts enough electron density to break an O-H bond in the water.
- This leaves the metal hydrated with one less water molecule, replaced by a hydroxide (OH-) molecule
- The H that broke off combines with a water molecule that isn't hydrating the metal ion forming hydronium (H3O+)
- Since there's a higher concentration of H3O+ than earlier, the solution becomes more acidic.
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What are the differences among the three types of acid-base reaction definitions?
- Arrhenius: it is the formation of H2O from H+ and OH-
Bronsted & Lowry: It is the H+ transfer from a stronger acid to a stronger base to form a weaker base and weaker acid. - Lewis: it is the donation and acceptance of an electron pair to form a covalent bond in an adduct.
- -A Lewis base must have a lone pair of electrons to donate
- -a Lewis acid must have a vacant orbital (or the ability to rearrange it's orbitals to form one)to accept a lone pair and form a new bond.
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