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list 6 factors related to the application of research for ergogenic aids:
- testing specificity
- task specificity
- subjects
- dosage
- acute versus chronic use
- statistical significane
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a belief that a substance will improve performance which causes the improvement, not the substance itself is called:
placebo effect
-
a "look- alike" substance or treatment that has no physiological effect is called:
placebo
- must be included in research to avoid placebo effect
- includes researcher bias regarding substace effectiveness
-
neither researchers nor the subjects know who received placebo & who receives the substance:
double blind research design
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any means by which total blood volume or red blood cell mass is increased above normal is called:
blood doping
- improves endurance performance
- banned from Olympic games in 1984
- effectiveness depends on amount, timing & storage
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the original method of blood doping involved infusion of red blood cells with the goal of increasing red blood cell #'s.. list 2 ways this was accomplished:
- autologous transfusionred blood cells previously withdrawn from the same person were infused
- homologous transfusionred blood cells obtained from someone else infused
- has risk of blood type mismatch & infection
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list the 3 types of oxygen delivery aids:
- blood doping
- erthropoietin
- oxygen supplementation
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a naturally occurring hormone that stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow is called:
erythropoietin (EPO)
- recombinant form used as ergongenic aid to increase endurance
- banned by IOC (intn'l Olympic committee) in 1990
- also shown to cause many adverse affects & even death
-
erythropoietin is shown to increase which 3 things:
- VO2peak
- time to exhaustion
- hemoglobin & hematocrit
-
increasing the oxygen content or barometric pressure of inspired air is called:
oxygen supplementation
- administer just before, during, or just after a work bout
- shown to increase performance when given during a bout
- aids in recovery when given after a bout
-
oxygen supplementation results in an increase in which 3 things:
- partial pressure of oxygen
- oxygen carried by blood (potentially)
- amount of oxygen available for metabolism
-
list 4 oxygen delivery aids that are in development:
- hematide
- gene doping
- blood oxygen enhancers
- modulators of hemoglobin
-
an increase in acidity depends not just on the production of acids, but also on buffering systems called:
blood buffers
- extreme exercise decreases blood pH (increase in acidity)
- blood buffers help to maintain stable pH & thus delay fatigue
-
list 4 buffers that may delay fatigue:
- sodium bicarbonate
- inorganic phosphate
- histidine
- carnosine
-
list and describe the 2 properties of steroids:
what is the fxn of steroids:
- androgenic: secondary sex characteristics
- anabolic: to build growth
- fxn: dramatically enhance strength, power, and muscle size
-
list the negative effects of synthetic androgen use:
in men:
in women:
- liver damage
- jaundice
- fluid rentetion
- increase LDL
- decrease HDL
- in men: shrinking of the testicles, decreased sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, increased risk of prostate cancer
- in women: facial hair, baldness, changes in menstrual cycle, enlargement of clitoris, deepen voice
-
this steroid has become the anabolic drug of choice among athetles:
- HGH human growth hormone
- initially, not detected by drug tests, now can be detected
- effectiveness as ergogenic aid is questionable
-
what are the 5 side effects of human growth hormone:
- acromegaly: disease of abnormal bone growth & gigantism
- hypoglycemia: low blood glucose
- belly distension due to internal organ growth
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- joint pain
-
athletes use this drug in an attempt to improve body composition or performance based on its growth-promoting properties:
what are the side effects of this hormone:
- insulin
- effectiveness as drug is questionable
- side effectslong term hypoglycemia
- death
- brain damage
-
this hormone has been thought to be an ergogenic aid based on its known role in muscle tissue anabolism:
- insulin-like growth factors
- little evidence supports their effectiveness
-
list and describe the 3 categories of oral contraceptives:
- monophasic: holds hormone levels constant
- biphasic: not commonly used
- triphasic: hormone levels vary based on 3 different doses of estrogen
-
what are the general effects of oral contraceptives:
what are the effects of triphasic contraptives:
- generalwater retention
- weight gain
- increases in core temp
- glycogen- sparing effect
- triphasicincrase in fat mass
- decrease in aerobic fitness
-
naturally occurring steroid precursors eventually converted by various enzymes to testosterone are called:
- prohormones
- assumed by many to have ergogenic effects
-
list and describe 2 prohormones:
DHEA
marketed as a ergogenic aid increasing muscle mas & strength - no evidence of effectiveness shown in studies
- androstenedionepopular supplement; used by baseball player mark mcgwire
- no evidence of its efficacy in studies
-
a drug that stimulates the central nervous system by increasing dopamine release and mimicking the effects of catecholamines is called:
- amphetamines
- known as: speed or "pep" pills
-
list the physiological effects of amphetamines:
- increasedblood pressure
- HR
- metabolic rate
- plasma free fatty acid concentration
-
list the 4 ways amphetamines have been thought to increase performance:
- increasingalertness
- self-confidence
- muscle force
- capacity to work
- has been shown to increase performance in many cases
- much individual variability
- dangerous side effects
-
a sympathomimetic amine drug and central nervous stimulant that can be found in cold or cough medications and herbal teas is called:
what is this drug used for:
ephedrine
- used forweight loss to curb appetite
- increase metabolic rate
shown to increase body weight loss in obese people
-
what do studies of ephedrine show:
what are the side effects of ephedrine:
- studies showincrease in power &/or local muscular endurance capabilities
- increased endurance performance
- side effects headache
- agitation
- GI distress
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