The physical environment of the secondary enclosure. i.e. a room, barn or outdoor habitat
Define Microenvironment
The immediate physical environment surrounding the animal. i.e. cage, pen stall
What is the difference between centralized vs decentralized?
Centralized-support, care and use areas are adjacent to animal housing. This method is cheaper, has more efficient flow, there is less duplication, less transport and has greater security and bio-security.
Decentralized animal housing and use is not sole use of space or physically separated from support areas.
Define Anesthesia
A reversible state characterized by a loss of feeling or sensation.
What are 3 types of anesthesia?
General - absences of pain sensation over entire body
Local - loss of feeling or sensation in one part of the body
Regional - loss of sensation in an anatomical area supplied by a particular nerve.
Define Analgesia
Decreased perception of pain without the loss of consciousness
Define Sedation
Define Pain
State of calmness without loss of consciousness
localized sensation of discomfort resulting from the stimulation of specialized nerve endings.
What are 7 criteria to review when selecting an anesthetic method?
Species
Age
Weight
Health
Previous drug administration
Type of procedure to be done
Objectives of the research protocol
What are the pre-operative care steps for anesthetic management?
Acclimate the animal
Clinical exam and blood work
Fasting
Parasympatholytics as pre-anes meds
List 2 agents
List 2 actions
When should it be administered?
Atropine sulfate & Glycopyrolate
Reduces sections & reduces intestinal motility
30-45 mins prior to anesthesia
Tranquilizers & sedatives as pre-anes meds
List 3 Agents
List 2 benefits
Acepromazine, Valium & Xylazine
Minimizes stress associated with being restrained for anesthesia
Reduces the amount of general anesthetic agent required.
Local and regional anesthetic agents
List 3 topical agents
List 2 injectible agents
List 2 methods of administration
Cetacaine, proparacaine & Lidocaine
Lidocaine & Bupivicaine
Regional - infiltration around nerve or segment of spinal cord supplying sensation to the area
Local - infiltration at the site
List 3 injection methods for general anesthetics
List 2 inhalation methods
IV, IP & IM
Open drop & Calibrated vaporizer
Which injectible agent provides poor muscle relaxation and mild analgesia at low levels. It is usually combined with other agents to enhance its effects. It causes increased blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rates.
Ketamine
Which injectible agent is a CNS depressant with minimal muscle relaxation and analgesia at low doses. It can cause decrease in heart and respiratory rates.
Barbiturates
Which inhalant anesthetic is a volatile liquid, provides quick induction and recovery, mild respiratory depression. It is not a good muscle relaxant and is a poor analgesia at sedative levels
Isoflurane
Which inhalant anesthetic is a gas at room temperature, is not capable of anesthesia by itself but can be given with other anesthetics,
has rapid effect and recovery with minimal CV effects. It is good for muscle relaxation and must be used in combination with oxygen.
Nitrous oxide
When monitoring and providing support for anesthesia you should look at
Reflexes
Jaw tone
Heart rate
Respiration
What are 5 signs of acute pain?
Increased heart rate
Abnormal breathing
Vocalization
Muscle Splinting
Facial grimace
What are 7 signs of chronic pain
Acute signs AND ...
Reluctance to be handled
Not eating or drinking - loss of weight
Hyperthermic
Glazed eyes
Hunched up
Grating of teeth
Guarding
What are 5 Non-drug methods of minimizing pain?
Positioning
Bandaging
Caging
Acclimating
Warm environment
What are 2 drug methods of minimizing pain?
Local - lidocaine, bupivicaine
Regional - lidocaine, bupivicaine
What is the agent of choice for post-operative pain?
Narcotics
What is the difference between Major and Minor survival surgery?
Major survival surgery penetrates or exposes a body cavity or produces substantial impairment of physical or physiologic function.
Minor survival surgery does not expose a body cavity and causes little to no physical impairment.
What is the difference between survival and non survival surgery?
Survival surgery the animals is expected to recover. Non survival surgery the animal is euthanize once the procedure is complete.
What is the main difference between rodent surgical guidelines and non-rodent surgical guidelines?
In non-rodent species, the surgeon is required to wear surgical gown, cap, mask and shoe covers.
What are 9 requirements of a large animal facility
1. Constructed by materials that are imperious to moisture.
2. Prevents waste gas scavenging system
3. Central Storage area
4. Surgery supply - surg equipment, autoclave
5. Scrub sink located near OR
6. OR must contain EKG inside and everything else outside
7. Post op recovery area should be available
8. Locker room should be provided for changing.
9. Diagnostic Lab - not necessary but helpful
List 4 roles of a Veterinarian team member
1. Typically a member of the IACUC
2. In-dept knowledge of protocols
3. Works closely with research scientist
4. Provides support to vet tech
List 4 roles of a Vet Tech - Surgical role
1. Provides anesthesia support and monitoring
2. Provides non-sterile surgical support
3. Compliance monitoring
4. Surgery facility maintenance
List 4 roles of Vet Tech - clinical role
1. Post-op management
2. Health rounds, patient records management and treatment
3. Sample collection and subsequent lab work
4. Manage preventative health programs
List 3 record keeping requirements
Anesthetic records
Control Drug logs
Quality control
The rabbit
Order:
Family:
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
List 6 characteristics of rabbits
(1) social animals
(2) dig burrows
(3) make nest and line with fur
(4) young blind and helpless
(5) susceptible to myxomatosis
(6) warrens
List 6 characteristics of hares
(1) usually solitary
(2) do not dig burrows
(3) rest in depressions called "forms"
(4) young born fully furred with eyes open
(5) generally larger than rabbits
(6) not susceptible to myxomatosis
Domestic Rabbit
Derived from:
Scientific name:
Derived from: European wild rabbit
Scientific name: Oryctolagus cuniculis
List 4 advantages and 4 disadvantages to using domestic rabbits in research.
Advantages: (1) good antibody producers; (2) large body of research already done on rabbits; (3) large enough for some major surgical procedures; (4) some genetically unique strains available
Disadvantages: (1) variable response to anesthetic agents; (2) more prone to cardiovascular failure (3) stress prone diseases such as coccidiosis; (4) respiratory disease due to Pasteurella decreases gaseous exchange
What breed of rabbit is predisposed to high cholesterol?
Watanabe rabbit
Lifespan of domestic rabbit
Normal lifespan and record
Commercial usually
Laboratory:
What is the maximum of percentage of the total blood volume on repeated weekly draws on a domestic rabbit?
What is the percentage of the total blood volume on a single occasion?
How do you replace the lost blood volume to minimize adverse effects?
7.5%
15%
Administering saline intravenously
Rabbit Reproduction
C) Puberty: 5-9 months
Estrous Cycle: Polyestrus/Induced ovulator
Gestation: 30-32 days (up to 45 days in hares)
Parturition: called kindling - split parturition can occur up to 3 days apart
Babies are called: bunnies or kits (hares called leverets)
Litter size: 3-10 record 23
Weaning at: 8 weeks
What is a parasympatholytic that you would not use on rabbits?
Atropine because some rabbits can eat deadly nightshade with impunity.
What disease results in clinical manifestations
(1) respiratory disease or "snuffles"
(2) torticollis due to otitis media
(3) abcesses
Pasteurella multocida
What disease causes bacterial overgrowth due to environmental factors such as weaning stress, feed change or antibiotic administration (amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, clindamycin, lincomycin and tylosin)?
What is the etiology?
enterotoxemia
Clostridium spiriforme
List 2 heritable disease associated with rabbits
Buphthalmia - used as a model for glaucoma
Malocculsion
List 3 management related conditions associated with rabbits
Ulcerative pododermatitis "sore hocks"
broken back -fracture pr dislocation
Gastric trichobezoars - "hairballs"
What is a common sedation cocktail for rabbits?
3 parts ketamone (100 mg/ml) to 1 part acepromazine (10 mg/mL)
Dose at 0.4 mL/kg IM or IV
List 6 research uses for primates
Parkinson's disease
Reproduction (rheeses monkey)
Cognition (macaques)
Vaccines
Vision - glaucoma & cataracts
Stroke
What is 4 general characteristics to distinguish New World primates from Old World primates?
New World require Vitamin D3, some have prehensile tails, have no ischial callosities and no opposable thumbs.
Old Old primates do not have Vitamin D3 requirement, no prehensile tails, some ischial callosities and all have opposable thumbs.
What disease causes mild disease in macaques and is potentially fatal causing encephalitis in non-host species (humans)
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1
What 4 agents are related to bites and scratch exposure?
What diseases are related to Direct contact transmission?
Enteric bacteria and parasites, diarrhea, salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Protozoa, entamoeba histolytica, Crytosporidium, Cestodes and Nematodes.
What infrequent lab animal is used in research for Periodontitis?
Rice rat (Oryzomys palustris)
What infrequent lab animal is used in research based on its resistance to mouse hepatitis and that it is a natural reservoir for Hantaan virus?
Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)
What infrequent lab animal is used in research in gene therapy for cystic fibrosis?
Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus)
What infrequent lab animal is used in research for it eusocially huddling behavior?
Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
What infrequent lab animal is used in research because it has separate thymus glands in the cervical and mediastinal areas?
Degu, trumpet tailed rad (Octodon degu)
What infrequent lab animal is used in research for esophageal burn research and because it is 300 times more resistant to rabies than dogs and mycobacterium sp.?
Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
What infrequent lab animal is used in research for Lepromatous leprosy - Mycobacterium leprae?
Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
What infrequent lab animal naturally has the diseases canine distemper and feline panleukopenia?
New World Mink (Mustela vision)
What size needles do you use for IM, SQ, ID or IV injections?
20 - 30 ga
Blood collection in rabbit collection from Marginal ear vein - What size needle should you use?
Amount of blood you can collect?
25 ga 5/8" - 22 ga 1"
0.5 - 5 mL
Blood collection from ear artery of rabbit
What size needle
Amount of blood that can be collected?