BDCS_MASONRY

Individual units cut or molded and joined together with mortar.

• BRICK
• Stone age: Stacking of shaped stones
• 3rd millennium: Egyptians built w/ cut stone blocks (2-4 tons)
• 7500 BC: First uniform shape sun-dried mud bricks with proportions of 4:2:1 (best for bonding)
• 4000 BC: Mesopotamia used first fired mud bricks
• 3rd BC: Romans introduce mobile kilns and the "true arch" which allowed wedge shaped bricks (held by compression) to span large distances
• 1100-1450 AD: Gothic cathedrals utilize the flying buttress which absorbed excess weight and allowed non-load bearing infill between supports. (Beauvais Cathedral 157ft vaults)
• Late 18th: Machines (after Industrial Revolution) created uniformity in weight, size, strength and color of bricks.
• Early 19th: Cavity wall used to resist water penetration with a 2" air space.
• 1850's: Air holes (weeps) and flashing is used.

• BRICK BUILDINGS
• 1870: Henry-Hobbs Richardson (Romanesque in Boston)
• 1906: Robbie House, Prairie style (FLW)
• 1908: National Farmers Bank, Minnesota (Louis Sullivan)

• GLASS BLOCK
• Early 19th: Glass block invented
• 1907: Keppler created interlocking solid glass blocks for use as masonry walls within reinforced concrete structures.
• 1930's: Hollow glass block, Owens Illinois Glass Corporation.

• GLASS BLOCK BUILDINGS
• 1931: Maison de Verre, Paris (Chareau / Bijvoet)
• 1939: Glass tower (108 ft high), Glass Center New York World's Fair

• CMU
• 3rd BC: Romans used solid blocks
• 1900: Palmer creates hollow block machine
• 1917: Straub lighter weight cinder block
• 1960's: Louis Kahn asks "What do you want Brick?" and with the response "I like an Arch" the brick arch returns to modern architecture.

• CMU BUILDINGS
• 1924: Hollyhock House, LA (FLW)
• RECENT
• Brick masonry: designer colors, textures, non-standard sizes
• Cast stone: colors to match brick
• Prefabricated Masonry Walls: mortars and adhesives.
• Concrete Block: drystack system
• Glass Block: variety of colors, textures and fiber optic illumination

• Earth friendly products
• Thermal mass provides natural solar heating and cooling
• Local production reduces shipping
• Longevity due to durable, weather-resistant character
• Little product waste on construction site
• Reuse
• Production is energy intensive due to firing
• Air pollution is caused by kilns which run on oil, gas, or coal.

A rectangular masonry unit molded from clays and shales; dried and then fired.

• Physical ingredients
• Chemical ingredients
• Temperatures at which fired

• Soft Mud: moist clay is pressed into rectangular molds.
• Stiff Mud: (most common) mixture is forced through a die creating a ribbon and then cut by wires
• Dry Press: (most accurate) relatively dry mix is pressed into gang mold by plungers under high pressure.

Net cross-sectional area is at least 60% of its gross cross-sectional area

Net cross-sectional area is at least 75% of its gross cross-sectional area

• Red
• Buff

• Smooth
• Struck (water and sand)
• Scored
• Wire Cut
• Combed
• Roughened

• (Common Brick)
• Clay fired (1850 deg F)
• Red color
• Various sizes
• (most widely used)

• Use and exposure
• Appearance factors

• Severe weathering
• Used in areas of heavy rain, snow or continual freezing.
• Building Brick, Face Brick, & Hollow Brick

• Moderate weathering
• Used in areas of average rain and moderate freezing.
• Building Brick, Face Brick & Hollow Brick

• No weathering
• Used in areas of minimal rain and no freezing
• (sheltered or indoor locations)

• Made from controlled mixtures of clay in high quality units that is exposed to view.
• Specific sizes, textures and colors.

• High degree of mechanical perfection
• Narrow color range
• Minimum size variation

• Greater size variation
• Wide color range

Non-uniform size, color and texture

• High degree of mechanical perfection
• Narrow color range
• Minimum size variation

• Greater size variation
• Wide color range

Non-uniform size, color and texture

Inferior brick used behind face brick.

Very hard and dense brick used in pavements.

Brick made with great resistance to high temperatures (fireplace).

Low-absorption brick for use in sewer and storm drains.

• Brick made from a mixture of natural clay and straw; placed in a mold, and dried by the sun.
• Requires protection from rain and subsurface moisture.

Flat brick generally used on interiors where solid masonry cannot be structurally supported.

• Bricks with exact multiple of 4" dimensions when including the mortar joint.
• Economy 8: 4x8x4H
• Economy 12: 4x8x 3 1/2 H
• Roman: 4x8x1 1/2H

• Bed: Top and bottom largest area
• Cull / End: Short sides
• Face / Side: Long sides

• Half (Bat): Half the length
• 3/4: 3/4 the length
• 1/4 Closer: 1/4 the length
• King Closer: 45 corner off end / cull
• Queen Closer: Half the wythe
• Split (Soap): Half course

• Stretcher: Face exposed; long horizontal
• Soldier: Face exposed; long vertical
• Header: Cull / end exposed; long horizontal
• Rowlock: Cull / end exposed; long vertical
• Shiner: Bed exposed; long horizontal
• Sailor: Bed exposed; long vertical

• Depends on workmanship
• Laid when temperatures are between 40 - 90 deg. F
• Wet brick to prevent absorption of water from mortar.
• Lay in solid mortar bed and fill head joints

<0.7 ounces of water per minute

• 1/4" to 1/2"
• 3 courses + joints = 8"

(2) wythes separated by 2"-3" of air space

(2) wythes separated by 2"-4" space filled with horizontal and vertical reinforcement bars and grouted solid. (Running or Stacked bond)

Portland cement, sand, water, (pea gravel), (lime)

The pattern in which brick is laid to tie the wythes together in a structural unit.

• Stretchers are staggered at each course
• Mesh reinforcement at every 6th course
• Most common

• Stretchers are aligned at each course
• Mesh reinforcement at every 6th course

• Stretchers are staggered at each course
• Headers at every 6th course

Stretcher and header alternate courses

Stretcher and header alternate within each course

Exposed masonry that is attached with metal clips, wires or anchors but not structurally bonded to the backing

White, powdery deposit on the surface of masonry caused by soluble salts within the units or mortar.

• Solid and tight mortar joints
• Capped walls
• Flashing
• Adequate weather protection during construction

• Backer rod and sealant
• Used in buildings >200 ft long
• Used when there are two or more wings in a building

• Concrete Masonry Unit
• Made from concrete using a stiff mix in a steel mold and cured at an accelerated rate.

Nominal 8x8x16 with 3/8" mortar joint

• N (severe exposure)
• S (requires protection from weather)

• Hollow, burned-clay masonry units with parallel cells.
• Back-up Tile
• Facing Tile

Horizontal cells

Vertical cells

Clay tile used for decorative designs available in various colors, textures, and shapes

Terra cotta tile available in large face dimensions, thin sections, and variety of finishes

• Solid or cored units manufactured from gypsum plaster.
• 2-6" thick panels of 12x30

• Non-load bearing interior partitions
• Lightweight fireproofing protection
• (2" = 4:" of CMU)
• Cannot be used in areas of continuous dampness

• Solid or hollow units of glass used to control light transmission, glare or solar heat.
• 4" module thickness
• Non-load bearing
• Stacked bond
• Control joints are critical
• Resilient expansion joint material needed

Small or quarried pieces of rock.

Granite

• Limestone
• Sandstone
• Bluestone
• Brownstone

• Marble
• Soapstone
• Slate

(Fieldstone): natural stone used decoratively

Irregular stone with one good face for ashlar veneers, copings, sills, curbs, etc.

Cut stone used for surface veneers, toilet partitions, flooring, stair treads, etc.

Thin slabs used for paving, treads, countertops, etc.

Used for sculpture, monuments, gravestones, etc.

Used as aggregate and granular fill

Used as filler in asphalt flooring, shingles, paints, etc.

• Strength
• Porosity
• Absorption
• Permeability

• Rough: Quarry face, split face, sawed
• Smooth: Rubbed, honed, polished

• Rubble Masonry: stone left in natural rough state
• Ashlar Masonry: stone is shaped into blocks
• Coursed: continuous horizontal joints
• Uncoursed (random): uneven joints

A stone with its longest dimension perpendicular to the wall face to tie the wall into it's backing.

• Mortar
• Mechanically anchored (veneer) (clips, straps, wires)

composed of varying quantities of Portland cement, sand, lime and water, it bonds masonry units together with each other or supporting members and prevents moisture penetration.

Used when high strength and low permeability are required.

• Load Bearing: Type M or S
• Weather Exposure: Type M or S
• Less compressive strength: Type N or O

• Weathered: 45 @ bottom
• Round Rod: concave
• Flush: even with face
• V-shaped: concave 'V'
• Beaded: convex
• Troweled: 45 @ top (allow water to college on bottom edge)
• Raked: concave square
• Stripped: deep concave rectilinear
• Squeezed / Extruded: allow grout to squeeze out in natural way

• Strap Anchors
• Dovetail Anchors
• Cramp Anchors
• Pin
• Threaded Dowel
• Hangers
• Expansion Joint
• Water Stops